The Contractual Relationship of Online Motorcycle Taxis in Contract Law: Imbalance, Liability, and the Crisis of Legal Certainty

Abstract

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis relasi kontraktual ojek online dalam perspektif hukum perjanjian serta mengkaji perlindungan hukum konsumen. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian hukum normatif dengan menggunakan pendekatan perundang-undangan dan pendekatan konseptual. Bahan hukum yang digunakan meliputi bahan hukum primer berupa peraturan perundang-undangan, bahan hukum sekunder berupa literatur dan jurnal ilmiah, serta bahan hukum tersier. Analisis dilakukan secara deskriptif-kualitatif untuk menguraikan dan menafsirkan ketentuan hukum yang berlaku. Kebaruan penelitian ini terletak pada analisis hubungan hukum tripartit yang melahirkan dua bentuk perjanjian elektronik, yaitu perjanjian kemitraan dan perjanjian pengangkutan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kedudukan hukum ojek online terbentuk melalui hubungan hukum tripartit yang melahirkan dua bentuk perjanjian, yaitu perjanjian kemitraan antara pengemudi dan perusahaan aplikasi serta perjanjian pengangkutan antara pengemudi dan konsumen. Kedua perjanjian tersebut sah secara hukum karena memenuhi syarat Pasal 1320 KUH Perdata dan diakui sebagai kontrak elektronik. Perlindungan hukum bagi konsumen telah diatur dalam Undang-Undang Nomor 8 Tahun 1999 tentang Perlindungan Konsumen dan Undang-Undang Nomor 11 Tahun 2008 tentang Informasi dan Transaksi Elektronik, namun masih terdapat hambatan berupa ketidakjelasan tanggung jawab, kontrak baku yang merugikan, kesulitan pembuktian, dan tidak adanya jaminan kualitas layanan yang konsisten. Penelitian ini menyimpulkan perlunya regulasi khusus dan penguatan mekanisme perlindungan hukum guna menciptakan kepastian dan keadilan bagi seluruh pihak.

Abstract

This study aims to analyze the contractual relationships of online motorcycle taxi (ojek online) services from the perspective of contract law and to examine consumer legal protection. This research is a normative legal study using a statutory approach and a conceptual approach. The legal materials employed consist of primary legal materials in the form of laws and regulations, secondary legal materials in the form of literature and scientific journals, and tertiary legal materials. The analysis is conducted descriptively and qualitatively to describe and interpret the applicable legal provisions. The novelty of this research lies in the analysis of a tripartite legal relationship that gives rise to two forms of electronic agreements, namely a partnership agreement and a transportation agreement. The results show that the legal status of online motorcycle taxi services is formed through a tripartite legal relationship that produces two types of agreements: a partnership agreement between the driver and the application company, and a transportation agreement between the driver and the consumer. Both agreements are legally valid because they fulfill the requirements of Article 1320 of the Indonesian Civil Code and are recognized as electronic contracts. Consumer legal protection has been regulated in Law Number 8 of 1999 concerning Consumer Protection and Law Number 11 of 2008 concerning Electronic Information and Transactions; however, there are still obstacles such as unclear liability, disadvantageous standard-form contracts, difficulties in evidence, and the absence of consistent service quality guarantees. This study concludes that there is a need for specific regulations and the strengthening of legal protection mechanisms in order to create legal certainty and justice for all parties.