Artificial Intelligence Is Not an Author: The Limits of Human Creative Contribution in Copyright Protection

Abstract

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis status hukum karya yang dihasilkan dengan bantuan kecerdasan buatan dalam sistem hak kekayaan intelektual Indonesia serta merumuskan mekanisme perlindungan hukumnya. Ketentuan peraturan perundang-undangan hak cipta dianalisis melalui penafsiran sistematis, ekstensif, dan teleologis guna menjawab permasalahan terkait originalitas dan subjek pencipta.Penelitian ini menggunakan metode yuridis normatif dengan pendekatan peraturan perundang-undangan, konseptual, kasus, dan sejarah. Data diperoleh melalui studi kepustakaan terhadap bahan hukum primer, sekunder, dan tersier, yang dianalisis secara kualitatif dengan metode interpretasi hukum. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa status hukum karya berbasis kecerdasan buatan ditentukan oleh adanya kontribusi kreatif manusia. Berdasarkan penafsiran Pasal 1 angka 2 jo. Pasal 1 angka 3 Undang-Undang Nomor 28 Tahun 2014 tentang Hak Cipta, karya yang dihasilkan dengan bantuan kecerdasan buatan dapat dilindungi hak cipta sepanjang terdapat kontribusi kreatif manusia yang substansial, sedangkan karya yang dihasilkan sepenuhnya oleh kecerdasan buatan tanpa keterlibatan kreatif manusia tidak memenuhi kualifikasi sebagai ciptaan. Perlindungan hukum tersedia melalui mekanisme preventif dan represif, namun masih terdapat kekosongan hukum terkait kriteria operasional kontribusi kreatif manusia. Sebagai rekomendasi, pemerintah perlu menetapkan pedoman teknis melalui peraturan pelaksana untuk memperjelas kriteria kontribusi kreatif manusia dalam pencatatan dan perlindungan ciptaan berbasis kecerdasan buatan guna menjamin kepastian hukum.

Abstract: This study aims to analyze the legal status of works generated with the assistance of artificial intelligence within Indonesia's intellectual property rights system and to formulate appropriate legal protection mechanisms. The provisions of copyright legislation are examined through systematic, extensive, and teleological interpretation in order to address issues concerning originality and the subject of authorship. This study employs a normative juridical method with statutory, conceptual, case, and historical approaches. Data were obtained through library research on primary, secondary, and tertiary legal materials, which were analyzed qualitatively using legal interpretation methods. The findings indicate that the legal status of artificial intelligence-based works is determined by the presence of human creative contribution. Based on the interpretation of Article 1 Point 2 in conjunction with Article 1 Point 3 of Law Number 28 of 2014 on Copyright, works generated with the assistance of artificial intelligence may be protected under copyright law insofar as substantial human creative contribution is present, whereas works produced entirely by artificial intelligence without any human creative involvement do not qualify as copyrightable works. Legal protection is available through both preventive and repressive mechanisms; however, a legal vacuum persists with respect to the operational criteria for determining human creative contribution. As a recommendation, the government should establish technical guidelines through implementing regulations to clarify the criteria for human creative contribution in the registration and protection of artificial intelligence-based works, thereby ensuring legal certainty.