ADVANCES PRIVATE LEGAL INSIGHTS (APRIL), is an international journal established by the Faculty of Law, Universitas Muslim Indonesia. It has 2 issues per year (October and April). APRIL is an open access, double peer-reviewed e-journal which aims to offer a Private Legal scientific platform for cross-border legal research. These may include but are not limited to various fields in Justice in the context of Business, in Southeast Asia, and the Global context. The materials published include major academic papers dealing critically with various aspects and fields of law as well as shorter papers such as recently published book reviews and notes on recent issues of law.
Faculty of Law, Universitas Muslim Indonesia
Cyber Notary and the Digital Transformation of Authentic Deed Formation in Indonesia
Abstract:This research aims to examine and describe the regulatory issues encountered by notaries in the process of drafting authentic deeds online, as well as to identify and analyze the main challenges in regulating the online execution of authentic deeds by notaries. The study adopts an empirical research method, which is based on direct observation and actual experiences in the field. The primary objective is to obtain concrete data or evidence through scientific methods such as observation, interviews, surveys, experiments, or case studies. The research findings indicate that the regulation of Cyber Notary is stipulated in Article 15, Paragraph (3) of the UUJN; however, its implementation in Indonesia is still hindered by the lack of clear regulations. Changes are required in the definition of notarial deeds, the authority of notaries concerning electronic deeds, and adequate digital procedures. Furthermore, data security and the verification of parties’ identities are crucial to prevent cybercrime. Therefore, harmonization between the UUJN, the Electronic Information and Transactions Law (UU ITE), and other relevant regulations is key to the successful implementation of Cyber Notary. The challenges in implementing Cyber and Electronic Notary encompass substantive, structural, and legal culture aspects. Substantively, regulations must be updated to include provisions on online presence and electronic identity verification. Structurally, secure technology, integrated infrastructure, and capacity building for notary human resources are necessary. Meanwhile, from the perspective of legal culture, public trust in the security and validity of electronic transactions must be established. Consequently, inter-institutional collaboration and regulatory adjustments are essential steps to support the readiness of notaries and a reliable system. Abstrak: Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui dan menggambarkan pengaturan yang dihadapi oleh notaris dalam proses pembuatan akta otentik secara onlie serta untuk mengetahui dan menggambarkan tantangan utama yang ada dalam mengatur pembuatan akta otentik secara online oleh notaris. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode penelitian empiris, yaitu penelitian yang didasarkan pada pengamatan langsung atau pengalaman nyata di lapangan. Tujuan utama dari penelitian ini adalah untuk memperoleh data atau bukti konkret melalui metode ilmiah, seperti observasi, wawancara, survei, eksperimen, atau studi kasus. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa Pengaturan Cyber Notary diatur dalam Pasal 15 Ayat (3) UUJN, namun penerapannya di Indonesia masih terhambat oleh kurangnya regulasi yang jelas. Diperlukan perubahan pada definisi akta notaris, kewenangan notaris terkait akta elektronik, serta prosedur digital yang memadai. Selain itu, aspek keamanan data dan identitas para pihak sangat penting untuk mencegah kejahatan siber. Oleh karena itu, harmonisasi antara UUJN, UU ITE, dan regulasi lainnya menjadi kunci keberhasilan penerapan Cyber Notary. Tantangan implementasi Cyber dan Electronic Notary mencakup aspek substansi, struktur, dan kultur hukum. Secara substansi, regulasi harus diperbarui agar mencakup kehadiran online dan verifikasi identitas elektronik. Dari segi struktur, dibutuhkan teknologi yang aman, infrastruktur yang terintegrasi, serta peningkatan kapasitas SDM notaris. Sementara itu, dari sisi kultur hukum, perlu dibangun kepercayaan masyarakat terhadap keamanan dan keabsahan transaksi elektronik. Untuk itu, kolaborasi antar lembaga dan penyesuaian regulasi menjadi langkah penting dalam mendukung kesiapan notaris dan sistem yang andal.
Copyright (c) 2025 Putri Afifah, Anggreany Arief, Muhammad Arsy https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Between Authority and Justice: Employer’s Unilateral Termination in Indonesian Labor Law
Abstrak: Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui dan menganalisis akibat hukum pemutusan kerja secara sepihak yang tidak berdasarkan Undang-Undang Ketenagakerjaan Nomor 13 Tahun 2003 serta untuk mengetahui upaya hukum jika terjadi Pemutusan Hubungan Kerja sepihak oleh suatu perusahaan. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan hukum normatif, adapun hasil penelitian yaitu Pertama: akibat hukum pemutusan hubungan kerja sepihak oleh pengusaha yang tidak berdasar pada Undang-Undang Nomor 13 Tahun 2003 Tentang Ketenagakerjaan adalah batal demi hukum selain itu apabila PHK tidak terhindarkan pengusaha wajib membayar uang pesangon, uang penghargaan serta uang pengganti hak yang besarannya telah diatur dalam UU Ketenagakerjaan. Kedua: upaya hukum yang dapat ditempuh jika terjadi pemutusan hubungan kerja sepihak oleh suatu perusahaan adalah dengan menempuh jalur Non Litigasi diantaranya bipartit, mediasi, konsiliasi, arbitrase, sebagai syarat untuk menempuh jalur Litigasi melalui gugatan di Pengadilan Hubungan Industrial. Abstract: This research aims to determine and analyze the legal consequences of unilateral termination of employment not based on Law Number 13 of 2003 Concerning Manpower and to determine the legal remedies in the event of unilateral termination of employment by a company. This research uses a normative legal approach. The results of the research are as follows: first, the legal consequences of unilateral termination of employment by employers not based on Law Number 13 of 2003 Concerning Manpower are null and void. Furthermore, if the termination is unavoidable, the employer is obliged to pay severance pay, reward money, and compensation for rights, the amounts of which are regulated in the Manpower Law. Second: Legal remedies that can be taken in the event of unilateral termination of employment by a company include non-litigation, including bipartite negotiations, mediation, conciliation, and arbitration, as a prerequisite for pursuing litigation through a lawsuit in the Industrial Relations Court.
Copyright (c) 2025 Muhammad Alfian Zulkadri, Andi Muin Fahmal, Muhammad Azham Ilham https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Novum in Judicial Review: Instrument of Justice or Mere Procedural Formality?
Abstrak : Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis efektivitas novum sebagai bukti baru dalam pengajuan Peninjauan Kembali pada perkara perdata serta mengidentifikasi faktor-faktor yang menjadi hambatan dalam penerapannya. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah penelitian hukum normatif dengan pendekatan perundang-undangan dan pendekatan konseptual, yang dianalisis secara kualitatif terhadap bahan hukum primer, sekunder, dan tersier. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa secara normatif novum memiliki peran penting dalam membuka kembali perkara yang telah berkekuatan hukum tetap apabila ditemukan bukti baru yang bersifat menentukan. Namun demikian, efektivitas novum dalam praktik peradilan perdata belum berjalan optimal. Hal ini disebabkan oleh beberapa faktor, antara lain ketidakseragaman standar penilaian hakim dalam menentukan apakah suatu bukti dapat dikualifikasikan sebagai novum yang menentukan, kecenderungan lembaga peradilan untuk mempertahankan asas finalitas putusan sehingga ruang koreksi melalui Peninjauan Kembali menjadi terbatas, serta minimnya transparansi dalam pertimbangan hukum putusan Peninjauan Kembali yang menyebabkan tidak adanya parameter yang jelas mengenai relevansi dan bobot novum. Selain itu, hambatan dalam penerapan novum juga bersumber dari aspek normatif dan praktis, seperti definisi novum yang masih bersifat umum dalam peraturan perundang-undangan, persyaratan formal Peninjauan Kembali yang relatif ketat, perbedaan standar penilaian antar hakim, serta keterbatasan akses terhadap dokumen atau data yang dapat dijadikan sebagai bukti baru. Oleh karena itu, diperlukan penguatan regulasi, standardisasi parameter penilaian novum, serta peningkatan transparansi dalam pertimbangan putusan Peninjauan Kembali agar fungsi novum sebagai instrumen pencapaian keadilan dapat diwujudkan secara lebih optimal dalam sistem peradilan perdata. Abstract : This study aims to analyze the effectiveness of novum as newly discovered evidence in filing a Petition for Judicial Review (Peninjauan Kembali) in civil cases, as well as to identify the factors that hinder its implementation. The research employs a normative legal method with statutory and conceptual approaches, analyzed qualitatively based on primary, secondary, and tertiary legal materials.The findings indicate that, normatively, novum plays a significant role in reopening cases that have obtained final and binding legal force when decisive new evidence is discovered. However, the effectiveness of novum in civil judicial practice has not yet been optimal. This is due to several factors, including the lack of uniform standards among judges in determining whether certain evidence qualifies as decisive novum, the tendency of judicial institutions to uphold the principle of finality of judgments—thereby limiting corrective space through Judicial Review and the lack of transparency in the legal reasoning of Judicial Review decisions, which results in the absence of clear parameters regarding the relevance and weight of novum. Furthermore, obstacles in the application of novum also stem from both normative and practical aspects, such as the broadly defined concept of novum in legislation, relatively strict formal requirements for Judicial Review, disparities in judicial assessment standards, and limited access to documents or data that may serve as new evidence. Therefore, it is necessary to strengthen regulatory frameworks, standardize parameters for assessing novum, and enhance transparency in Judicial Review reasoning to ensure that novum functions effectively as an instrument for achieving substantive justice within the civil justice system.
Copyright (c) 2025 Fauziah Ramadani, Andika Prawira Buana, Azwad Rachmat Hambali https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Divorce Mediation in Makassar: A Real Solution or Mere Formality?
Abstrak: Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis efektivitas peran mediator dalam proses mediasi perkara perceraian di Pengadilan Agama Kelas IA Makassar serta merumuskan upaya strategis untuk memperkuat peran tersebut dalam menekan angka perceraian. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode hukum empiris dengan pendekatan sosiologi hukum, yang memanfaatkan data primer melalui wawancara dengan mediator serta data sekunder berupa dokumen laporan mediasi periode 2021–2024, yang dikumpulkan melalui observasi, wawancara, dan dokumentasi, kemudian dianalisis secara kualitatif. Pembaharuan penelitian ini terletak pada penggabungan analisis efektivitas mediasi dengan pendekatan praktis berbasis dinamika psikologis para pihak dalam perkara perceraian. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa efektivitas mediator dalam mencapai perdamaian utuh masih belum optimal, namun terdapat perkembangan pada keberhasilan mediasi parsial yang berkontribusi dalam mereduksi konflik lanjutan, khususnya terkait hak asuh dan pemenuhan kewajiban pasca perceraian. Di sisi lain, tingkat kegagalan mediasi masih tergolong tinggi akibat kuatnya keinginan para pihak untuk bercerai sejak awal proses. Kesimpulan penelitian ini menegaskan bahwa peran mediator belum sepenuhnya mampu menekan angka perceraian secara signifikan, meskipun telah berfungsi dalam mengelola dampak konflik secara lebih konstruktif. Penelitian ini memberikan rekomendasi berupa peningkatan kapasitas mediator melalui penguatan keterampilan komunikasi, negosiasi, dan pemahaman psikologi keluarga, serta optimalisasi waktu mediasi agar peluang tercapainya perdamaian dapat dimaksimalkan. Abstract: This study aims to analyze the effectiveness of the mediator's role in the divorce mediation process at the Class IA Religious Court in Makassar and to formulate strategic efforts to strengthen this role in reducing the divorce rate. This study uses an empirical legal method with a sociological approach to law, utilizing primary data through interviews with mediators and secondary data in the form of mediation report documents for the 2021–2024 period. These data were collected through observation, interviews, and documentation, and then analyzed qualitatively. The innovation of this study lies in combining the analysis of mediation effectiveness with a practical approach based on the psychological dynamics of the parties in divorce cases. The results of this study indicate that the effectiveness of mediators in achieving complete reconciliation is still suboptimal, but there has been progress in the success of partial mediation, which contributes to reducing further conflict, particularly regarding custody and fulfillment of post-divorce obligations. On the other hand, the failure rate of mediation remains relatively high due to the strong desire of the parties to divorce from the beginning of the process. The conclusion of this study confirms that the role of mediators has not been fully able to significantly reduce the divorce rate, despite its function in managing the impact of conflict more constructively. This study provides recommendations for improving the capacity of mediators by strengthening communication and negotiation skills, and understanding family psychology, as well as optimizing mediation time to maximize the chances of achieving peace.
Copyright (c) 2025 Suci Aulya Almi, Zainuddin Zainuddin, Salmawati Salmawati https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Legal Liability of Marketplaces for the Circulation of Counterfeit Goods
Abstrak: Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis pengaturan tanggung jawab marketplace terhadap peredaran produk palsu serta bentuk perlindungan konsumen dalam transaksi perdagangan melalui sistem elektronik. Menggunakan metode penelitian hukum normatif dengan pendekatan perundang-undangan dan konseptual, serta menganalisis bahan hukum primer, sekunder, dan tersier secara kualitatif, penelitian ini menemukan bahwa Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 80 Tahun 2019 tentang Perdagangan Melalui Sistem Elektronik menempatkan marketplace sebagai Penyelenggara Perdagangan Melalui Sistem Elektronik (PPMSE) yang bertanggung jawab memastikan sistemnya tidak digunakan untuk kegiatan ilegal. Pasal 22 PP No. 80 Tahun 2019 menegaskan tanggung jawab PPMSE atas konten ilegal dalam sistemnya, namun tanggung jawab ini bersifat terbatas dan bersyarat melalui penerapan prinsip notice and takedown. Meskipun demikian, regulasi ini masih bersifat umum dan belum mengatur standar kehati-hatian marketplace secara tegas dalam mencegah produk palsu, sehingga efektivitas perlindungan konsumen sangat bergantung pada kebijakan internal masing-masing marketplace. Diharapkan pemerintah dapat memperkuat regulasi dengan standar kehati-hatian yang lebih spesifik, sementara marketplace perlu meningkatkan sistem pengawasan internal dan mekanisme pelaporan. Konsumen juga dihimbau untuk lebih berhati-hati dalam bertransaksi. Abstract : This research aims to analyze the regulatory framework for the responsibility of marketplaces concerning the circulation of counterfeit products, as well as the forms of consumer protection in electronic commerce transactions. Employing a normative legal research method with legislative and conceptual approaches, and qualitatively analyzing primary, secondary, and tertiary legal materials, this study finds that Government Regulation Number 80 of 2019 concerning Electronic Commerce places marketplaces as Electronic Commerce Organizers (PPMSE) responsible for ensuring their systems are not used for illegal activities. Article 22 of PP No. 80 of 2019 affirms the PPMSE's responsibility for illegal content within its system, however, this responsibility is limited and conditional through the application of the *notice and takedown* principle. Nevertheless, the regulation remains general and does not strictly stipulate specific due diligence standards for marketplaces in preventing counterfeit products, thus the effectiveness of consumer protection heavily relies on the internal policies of each marketplace. It is expected that the government will strengthen regulations with more specific due diligence standards, while marketplaces need to enhance their internal supervision systems and reporting mechanisms. Consumers are also urged to exercise greater caution in transactions.
Copyright (c) 2025 Shandy Shihab, Sitti Ulfah, Muhammad Fachri Said https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Intellectual Property in Academic Research: Addressing Unauthorized Use of Scientific Works in Makassar
Abstrak: Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui dan menganalisis perlindungan hukum terhadap penggunaan karya ilmiah yang dilindungi hak cipta serta mengkaji akibat hukum dan faktor-faktor yang menyebabkan terjadinya pelanggaran hak cipta terhadap karya ilmiah, khususnya di Kota Makassar. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode penelitian hukum normatif empiris dengan pendekatan lapangan yang memadukan kajian terhadap bahan hukum dengan fakta yang terjadi di masyarakat. Data yang digunakan terdiri atas data primer yang diperoleh melalui wawancara dengan pihak terkait pada instansi pemerintah dan lingkungan akademik, serta data sekunder yang diperoleh melalui studi kepustakaan terhadap berbagai literatur dan bahan hukum yang relevan. Pembaharuan penelitian ini terletak pada upaya mengkaji secara terpadu antara aspek perlindungan hukum, praktik penggunaan karya ilmiah di lingkungan akademik, serta faktor sosial dan teknologi yang mempengaruhi terjadinya pelanggaran hak cipta. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa perlindungan terhadap karya ilmiah tidak hanya bersifat normatif, tetapi juga mencakup perlindungan administratif dan etik yang berkembang dalam praktik akademik. Berbagai bentuk pelanggaran dapat terjadi, seperti plagiarisme, penggunaan karya tanpa mencantumkan sumber, penggandaan karya tanpa izin, serta perubahan terhadap karya tanpa persetujuan pencipta. Kondisi tersebut dipengaruhi oleh rendahnya kesadaran hukum, terbatasnya pemanfaatan mekanisme perlindungan hak cipta, perkembangan teknologi digital, serta kurangnya pemahaman mengenai etika akademik. Kesimpulan penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa perlindungan terhadap karya ilmiah masih menghadapi berbagai tantangan, terutama dalam aspek kesadaran hukum dan implementasi perlindungan di lingkungan akademik. Penelitian ini memberikan rekomendasi agar dilakukan peningkatan sosialisasi, edukasi, dan penguatan penegakan hukum guna mendorong terciptanya budaya akademik yang menghargai hak cipta dan integritas ilmiah. Abstract: This study aims to determine and analyze legal protection for the use of copyrighted scientific works and examine the legal consequences and factors that cause copyright infringement of scientific works, particularly in Makassar City. This study uses an empirical normative legal research method with a field approach that combines the study of legal materials with facts that occur in society. The data used consists of primary data obtained through interviews with relevant parties in government agencies and academic environments, as well as secondary data obtained through library studies of various relevant literature and legal materials. The renewal of this study lies in the effort to examine in an integrated manner between aspects of legal protection, the practice of using scientific works in academic environments, and social and technological factors that influence the occurrence of copyright infringement. The results of this study indicate that protection of scientific works is not only normative, but also includes administrative and ethical protection that develops in academic practice. Various forms of violations can occur, such as plagiarism, use of works without citing sources, duplication of works without permission, and changes to works without the creator's consent. This condition is influenced by low legal awareness, limited utilization of copyright protection mechanisms, the development of digital technology, and a lack of understanding of academic ethics. The conclusion of this study indicates that the protection of scientific works still faces various challenges, particularly in terms of legal awareness and implementation of protection in the academic environment. This study recommends increasing outreach, education, and strengthening law enforcement to encourage the creation of an academic culture that respects copyright and scientific integrity. Keywords: Legal Protection; Scientific Work; Copyright.
Copyright (c) 2025 Zulkarnain Zulkarnain, Sri Lestari Poernomo, Mursyid Mursyid https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
The Effectiveness of Legal Protection for Consumers Regarding Motorcycle Damage
Abstrak: Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis efektivitas perlindungan hukum konsumen atas kerusakan sepeda motor dan menganalisis faktor yang memengaruhi efektivitas perlindungan hukum konsumen atas kerusakan sepeda motor pada bengkel resmi Honda di Kota Makassar. Penelitian ini menerapkan metode penelitian hukum empiris dengan pendekatan perundang-undangan dan pendekatan kasus. Data primer dikumpulkan melalui kegiatan wawancara terhadap konsumen yang mengalami kerusakan sepeda motor, sedangkan data sekunder dihimpun dengan menggunakan peraturan perundang-undangan, literatur hukum, dan bahan pustaka yang signifikan dengan perlindungan konsumen. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa perlindungan hukum terhadap konsumen atas kerusakan sepeda motor, secara normatif telah diatur dalam Undang-Undang Nomor 8 Tahun 1999 tentang Perlindungan Konsumen, namun dalam praktik pelaksanaannya belum sepenuhnya efektif karena masih terdapat konsumen yang mengalami kerugian akibat penanganan kerusakan sepeda motor yang belum optimal. Hal tersebut dipengaruhi oleh beberapa faktor, yaitu faktor hukum terkait kejelasan pengaturan garansi, faktor petugas teknisi dalam penanganan perbaikan, faktor sarana dan fasilitas bengkel, faktor masyarakat yang berkaitan dengan pemahaman konsumen terhadap kondisi kendaraan, serta faktor kebudayaan yang memengaruhi sikap dan kepercayaan konsumen. Rekomendasi penelitian ini yaitu perlunya peningkatan kesadaran konsumen terhadap hak dan kewajibannya dalam menggunakan sepeda motor serta meningkatkan kualitas pengerjaan teknisi sebagai pihak yang secara langsung menangani perbaikan sepeda motor milik konsumen, agar perlindungan hukum konsumen dapat berjalan lebih efektif. Abstract: This study aims to analyze the effectiveness of consumer legal protection regarding motorcycle damage and to identify the factors influencing the effectiveness of consumer legal protection regarding motorcycle damage at official Honda service centers in Makassar. This study employs an empirical legal research method using a statutory approach and a case study approach. Primary data was collected through interviews with consumers who experienced motorcycle damage, while secondary data was gathered using legislation, legal literature, and relevant reference materials on consumer protection. The research results indicate that legal protection for consumers regarding motorcycle damage is normatively regulated under Law No. 8 of 1999 on Consumer Protection; however, its implementation has not been fully effective in practice, as there are still consumers who suffer losses due to suboptimal handling of motorcycle damage. This is influenced by several factors, namely legal factors related to the clarity of warranty regulations, factors related to technicians in handling repairs, factors related to workshop facilities and equipment, societal factors related to consumers’ understanding of vehicle conditions, as well as cultural factors that influence consumers’ attitudes and trust. The recommendations of this study are the need to increase consumer awareness of their rights and obligations regarding motorcycle use, as well as to improve the quality of work performed by technicians who directly handle repairs to consumers’ motorcycles so that consumer legal protection can be implemented more effectively
Copyright (c) 2025 Srirezky Rachman, Syamsul Alam, Andi Tenri Sapada https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
The Contractual Relationship of Online Motorcycle Taxis in Contract Law: Imbalance, Liability, and the Crisis of Legal Certainty
Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis relasi kontraktual ojek online dalam perspektif hukum perjanjian serta mengkaji perlindungan hukum konsumen. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian hukum normatif dengan menggunakan pendekatan perundang-undangan dan pendekatan konseptual. Bahan hukum yang digunakan meliputi bahan hukum primer berupa peraturan perundang-undangan, bahan hukum sekunder berupa literatur dan jurnal ilmiah, serta bahan hukum tersier. Analisis dilakukan secara deskriptif-kualitatif untuk menguraikan dan menafsirkan ketentuan hukum yang berlaku. Kebaruan penelitian ini terletak pada analisis hubungan hukum tripartit yang melahirkan dua bentuk perjanjian elektronik, yaitu perjanjian kemitraan dan perjanjian pengangkutan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kedudukan hukum ojek online terbentuk melalui hubungan hukum tripartit yang melahirkan dua bentuk perjanjian, yaitu perjanjian kemitraan antara pengemudi dan perusahaan aplikasi serta perjanjian pengangkutan antara pengemudi dan konsumen. Kedua perjanjian tersebut sah secara hukum karena memenuhi syarat Pasal 1320 KUH Perdata dan diakui sebagai kontrak elektronik. Perlindungan hukum bagi konsumen telah diatur dalam Undang-Undang Nomor 8 Tahun 1999 tentang Perlindungan Konsumen dan Undang-Undang Nomor 11 Tahun 2008 tentang Informasi dan Transaksi Elektronik, namun masih terdapat hambatan berupa ketidakjelasan tanggung jawab, kontrak baku yang merugikan, kesulitan pembuktian, dan tidak adanya jaminan kualitas layanan yang konsisten. Penelitian ini menyimpulkan perlunya regulasi khusus dan penguatan mekanisme perlindungan hukum guna menciptakan kepastian dan keadilan bagi seluruh pihak. Abstract This study aims to analyze the contractual relationships of online motorcycle taxi (ojek online) services from the perspective of contract law and to examine consumer legal protection. This research is a normative legal study using a statutory approach and a conceptual approach. The legal materials employed consist of primary legal materials in the form of laws and regulations, secondary legal materials in the form of literature and scientific journals, and tertiary legal materials. The analysis is conducted descriptively and qualitatively to describe and interpret the applicable legal provisions. The novelty of this research lies in the analysis of a tripartite legal relationship that gives rise to two forms of electronic agreements, namely a partnership agreement and a transportation agreement. The results show that the legal status of online motorcycle taxi services is formed through a tripartite legal relationship that produces two types of agreements: a partnership agreement between the driver and the application company, and a transportation agreement between the driver and the consumer. Both agreements are legally valid because they fulfill the requirements of Article 1320 of the Indonesian Civil Code and are recognized as electronic contracts. Consumer legal protection has been regulated in Law Number 8 of 1999 concerning Consumer Protection and Law Number 11 of 2008 concerning Electronic Information and Transactions; however, there are still obstacles such as unclear liability, disadvantageous standard-form contracts, difficulties in evidence, and the absence of consistent service quality guarantees. This study concludes that there is a need for specific regulations and the strengthening of legal protection mechanisms in order to create legal certainty and justice for all parties.
Muhammad Faizhol Fadhlur Rohman Djamaluddin
Copyright (c) 2025 Muhammad Faizhol Fadhlur Rohman Djamaluddin, Sufirman Rahman, Salmawati Salmawati https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
The Dilemma of Digital Music Royalties: Between Public Creativity and Creators’ Rights
Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji sinkronisasi pengaturan royalti atas praktik cover lagu dan pemutaran musik di ruang publik guna memberikan perlindungan terhadap hak ekonomi pencipta di tengah perkembangan monetisasi digital. Dinamika distribusi musik berbasis platform menghadirkan tantangan baru, khususnya terkait batas penggunaan komersial dan nonkomersial yang belum dirumuskan secara eksplisit. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode hukum normatif dengan pendekatan perundang-undangan dan konseptual guna menilai konsistensi norma serta relevansinya terhadap praktik aktual. Kebaruan penelitian ini terletak pada analisis terhadap norma kabur dan kekosongan norma parsial dalam klasifikasi penggunaan digital yang berimplikasi pada ketidakpastian hukum. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa meskipun sistem pengelolaan royalti telah diatur dan dilembagakan, implementasinya masih menghadapi tantangan berupa ambiguitas parameter komersialisasi, rendahnya kesadaran hukum pengguna, serta kebutuhan peningkatan transparansi dalam distribusi royalti. Kesimpulannya, perlindungan hak ekonomi pencipta telah tersedia secara normatif, namun efektivitasnya dalam menjamin kepastian hukum masih memerlukan penguatan pada aspek implementatif. Rekomendasinya, diperlukan penegasan parameter monetisasi digital, harmonisasi pengaturan klasifikasi penggunaan komersial, serta penguatan transparansi dan akuntabilitas sistem pengelolaan royalti guna mewujudkan kepastian hukum yang lebih adaptif dan berkeadilan di era digital. Abstract This study aims to examine the synchronization of royalty regulations on song cover practices and music playback in public spaces in order to protect the economic rights of creators amid the development of digital monetization. The dynamics of platform-based music distribution present new challenges, particularly regarding the boundaries between commercial and non-commercial use, which have not been explicitly defined. This study uses a normative legal method with a legislative and conceptual approach to assess the consistency of norms and their relevance to actual practices. The novelty of this study lies in its analysis of vague norms and partial normative gaps in the classification of digital use, which have implications for legal uncertainty. The results show that although the royalty management system has been regulated and institutionalized, its implementation still faces challenges in the form of ambiguity in commercialization parameters, low legal awareness among users, and the need for increased transparency in royalty distribution. In conclusion, the protection of creators' economic rights is available normatively, but its effectiveness in ensuring legal certainty still needs to be strengthened in terms of implementation. The recommendation is that it is necessary to clarify the parameters of digital monetization, harmonize regulations on the classification of commercial use, and strengthen the transparency and accountability of the royalty management system in order to achieve greater legal certainty that is more adaptive and equitable in the digital era.
Copyright (c) 2025 Nur A'limah Rahman, Abdul Qahar, Asriati https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Artificial Intelligence Is Not an Author: The Limits of Human Creative Contribution in Copyright Protection
Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis status hukum karya yang dihasilkan dengan bantuan kecerdasan buatan dalam sistem hak kekayaan intelektual Indonesia serta merumuskan mekanisme perlindungan hukumnya. Ketentuan peraturan perundang-undangan hak cipta dianalisis melalui penafsiran sistematis, ekstensif, dan teleologis guna menjawab permasalahan terkait originalitas dan subjek pencipta.Penelitian ini menggunakan metode yuridis normatif dengan pendekatan peraturan perundang-undangan, konseptual, kasus, dan sejarah. Data diperoleh melalui studi kepustakaan terhadap bahan hukum primer, sekunder, dan tersier, yang dianalisis secara kualitatif dengan metode interpretasi hukum. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa status hukum karya berbasis kecerdasan buatan ditentukan oleh adanya kontribusi kreatif manusia. Berdasarkan penafsiran Pasal 1 angka 2 jo. Pasal 1 angka 3 Undang-Undang Nomor 28 Tahun 2014 tentang Hak Cipta, karya yang dihasilkan dengan bantuan kecerdasan buatan dapat dilindungi hak cipta sepanjang terdapat kontribusi kreatif manusia yang substansial, sedangkan karya yang dihasilkan sepenuhnya oleh kecerdasan buatan tanpa keterlibatan kreatif manusia tidak memenuhi kualifikasi sebagai ciptaan. Perlindungan hukum tersedia melalui mekanisme preventif dan represif, namun masih terdapat kekosongan hukum terkait kriteria operasional kontribusi kreatif manusia. Sebagai rekomendasi, pemerintah perlu menetapkan pedoman teknis melalui peraturan pelaksana untuk memperjelas kriteria kontribusi kreatif manusia dalam pencatatan dan perlindungan ciptaan berbasis kecerdasan buatan guna menjamin kepastian hukum. Abstract: This study aims to analyze the legal status of works generated with the assistance of artificial intelligence within Indonesia's intellectual property rights system and to formulate appropriate legal protection mechanisms. The provisions of copyright legislation are examined through systematic, extensive, and teleological interpretation in order to address issues concerning originality and the subject of authorship. This study employs a normative juridical method with statutory, conceptual, case, and historical approaches. Data were obtained through library research on primary, secondary, and tertiary legal materials, which were analyzed qualitatively using legal interpretation methods. The findings indicate that the legal status of artificial intelligence-based works is determined by the presence of human creative contribution. Based on the interpretation of Article 1 Point 2 in conjunction with Article 1 Point 3 of Law Number 28 of 2014 on Copyright, works generated with the assistance of artificial intelligence may be protected under copyright law insofar as substantial human creative contribution is present, whereas works produced entirely by artificial intelligence without any human creative involvement do not qualify as copyrightable works. Legal protection is available through both preventive and repressive mechanisms; however, a legal vacuum persists with respect to the operational criteria for determining human creative contribution. As a recommendation, the government should establish technical guidelines through implementing regulations to clarify the criteria for human creative contribution in the registration and protection of artificial intelligence-based works, thereby ensuring legal certainty.
Originalitas; Ciptaan Berbasis Kecerdasan Buatan
Originlaity, Creation based on Artificial Intelligence
Copyright (c) 2025 cindyramadani rasyid, ilhamabbas, RizkiRamadani https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Unregistered and Unseen: The Marginalization of Children Lacking Birth Certificates
Abstrak: Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui dan menganalisis aturan atau norma yang mengatur tentang akta kelahiran sehingga dapat memahami anak yang tidak mempunyai akta kelahiran serta dampaknya bagi kehidupan anak. Metode penelitian yang digunakan Adalah penelitian hukum normatif preskriptif dengan pendekatan perundang-undangan. Dengan menganalisis bahan hukum primer berupa Undang-Undang. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa akta kelahiran adalah bukti autentik yang diakui oleh negara sebagai identitas anak tersebut, sehingga dapat mengakses hak-hak lainnya, namun akta kelahiran bukan syarat agar seseorang menjadi subjek hukum, akta kelahiran hanya berfungsi sebagai bukti autentik bukan sebagai penentu lahirnya kepribadian hukum. Akibat tidak adanya akta kelahiran pada anak berdampak tidak dapatnya mengakses layanan seperti Pendidikan, Kesehatan, sehingga berdampak pada masadepan anak. Berdasarkan hasil tersebut, peneliti merekomendasikan pemerintah diharapkan dapat berperan aktif untuk memberikan fasilitasnya terhadap pemenuhan hak-hak masyarakatnya sehingga dapat menciptakan mekanisme yang mempermudah masyarakat. Pemerintah dan pembentuk Undang-Undang diharapkan dapat merevisi aturan-aturan yang ada ataupun menghapus aturan yang dapat menghambat masyarakat dalam memperoleh hak-haknya sebagai warga negara Indonesia. Abstract: This study aims to determine and analyze the rules or norms governing birth certificates so that they can understand children who do not have birth certificates and their impact on children's lives. The research method used is normative prescriptive legal research with a statutory approach. By analyzing primary legal materials in the form of laws. The results of the study show that a birth certificate is authentic evidence recognized by the state as the child's identity, so that they can access other rights, but a birth certificate is not a requirement for someone to become a legal subject, a birth certificate only functions as authentic evidence not as a determinant of the birth of legal personality. The absence of a birth certificate in children has an impact on not being able to access services such as education, health, thus impacting the child's future. Based on these results, researchers recommend that the government is expected to play an active role in providing facilities for the fulfillment of the rights of its people so that it can create mechanisms that make it easier for the community. The government and lawmakers are expected to revise existing regulations or eliminate regulations that can hinder the community in obtaining their rights as Indonesian citizens.
Copyright (c) 2025 Mahenrawan Achmad, Andi Risma, Muhammad Ya'rif Arifin https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
When Goods Are Defective, Should Sellers Be Relieved of Liability in E-Commerce?
Abstrak: Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menjelaskan dan mengenalisis tanggung jawab penjual terhadap risiko kerusakan atau kehilangan barang dalam transaksi e-commerce, serta untuk mengkaji faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi tanggungjawab penjual terhadap resiko kerusakan atau kehilangan dalam transaksi e-commerce menurut perspektif Hukum Perdata. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah penelitian hukum Normatif. Kabaharuan dari penelitian ini terletak pada fokus penelitiannya terhadap resiko kerusakan ataupun kehilangan ketika melakukan transaksi di e-commerce serta mengkaji lebih dalam terkait dengan faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi tanggung jawab penjual dalam melakukan transaksi e-commerce. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa tanggung jawab penjual dalam transaksi e-commerce pada prinsipnya didasarkan pada ketentuan perjanjian antara pihak, ketentuan Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Perdata, Undang-Undang Perlindungan Konsumen, serta kebijakan platform e-commerce yang digunakan.Penjual wajib menyerahkan barang dalam keadaan baik dan sesuai kesepakatan. Apabila barang rusak atau hilang sebelum diterima pembeli ,maka penjual pada umumnya tetap bertanggung jawab memberikan ganti rugi berupa penggantian barang atau pemgembalian dana . Faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi tanggung jawab penjual antara lain perjanjian atau kesepakatan para pihak, penggunaan jasa pengiriman, sistem pembayaran, ketentuan platform e-commerce, asas itikad baik, serta ketentuan hukum perdata dan perlindungan konsumen yang belaku. Kesimpulannya bahwa . Pelaku usaha bertanggung jawab memberikan ganti rugi atas kerusakan atau kehilangan, pencemaran, dan/atau kerugian konsumen akibat mengkonsumsi barang dan/atau jasa yang dihasilkan atau diperdagangkan. Serta terdapat beberapa factor yang mempengaruhi tanggung jawa penjual mulai dari perjanjian para pihak, waktu peralihan risiko, peran jasa pengiriman, karakteristik barang, ketentuan peraturan perundang-undangan, kebijakan platform e-commerce, hingga itikad baik para pihak. Oleh karena itu penentuan tanggung jawab penjual harus dilakukan secara menyeluruh dengan mempertimbangkan seluruh faktor tersebut. Abstrak: This study aims to explain and analyze the seller’s responsibility for the risk of damage to or loss of goods in e-commerce transactions, and to examine the factors influencing the seller’s liability for such risks from the perspective of Civil Law. The research method used is normative legal research. The novelty of this study lies in its focus on the risk of damage or loss occurring in e-commerce transactions and in its deeper analysis of the factors that influence the seller’s responsibility in conducting e-commerce transactions. The results of the study indicate that the seller’s responsibility in e-commerce transactions is fundamentally based on the contractual provisions agreed upon by the parties, the provisions of the Civil Code, Consumer Protection Law, and the policies of the e-commerce platform used. In general, the seller is responsible for the risk of damage to or loss of goods. It can therefore be concluded that the seller is liable for losses resulting from damage to or loss of goods until the goods are received by the buyer in good condition, unless otherwise stipulated in the agreement. The factors influencing the seller’s responsibility include the agreement or mutual consent of the parties, the use of delivery services, the payment system, the provisions of the e-commerce platform, the principle of good faith, and applicable civil and consumer protection laws. In conclusion, business actors are responsible for providing compensation for damage, loss, pollution, and/or consumer losses resulting from the consumption of goods and/or services produced or traded. Several factors influence the seller’s responsibility, including the agreement between the parties, the time of transfer of risk, the role of delivery services, the characteristics of the goods, statutory regulations, e-commerce platform policies, and the good faith of the parties. Therefore, determining the seller’s liability must be carried out comprehensively by considering all these factors.
Copyright (c) 2025 Khaerunnisa Jaura Rahman, Hasnan Hasbi, Imran Eka Saputra https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
From Inactive to Inaccessible: Legal Protection of Dormant Accounts in the Banking System
Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian hukun normatif dengan pendekatan perundang-undangan dan konseptual. Bahan hukum yang digunakan terdiri atas bahan hukum primer, sekunder, dan tersier yang dianalisis secara preskriptif untuk menjelaskan ketentuan hukum yang berlaku serta memberikan argumentasi dan rekomendasi normatif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan pengaturan pemblokiran rekening nasabah di Indonesia belum dirumuskan secara eksplisit dan komprehensif dalam satu ketentuan khusus, melainkan tersebar dalam berbagai ketentuan yang bersifat umum, terutama terkait prinsip kehati-hatian dan rezim pencegahan tindak pidana keuangan. Absennya pengaturan yang secara jelas mengatur kewajiban, prosedur, dan batas waktu pemblokiran menyebabkan perlindungan hukum preventif terhadap nasabah menjadi lemah dan berpotensi menimbulkan ketidakpastian bagi nasabah dalam mengakses dananya. Perlindungan hukum setelah pemblokiran pada dasarnya bersifat represif, melalui mekanisme pengaduan, reaktivasi rekening, dan upaya hukum perdata. Namun tanpa fondasi preventif yang jelas dan tegas, perlindungan represif tersebut belum sepenuhnya menjamin kepastian hukum dan keseimbangan kedudukan antara bank dan nasabah. Rekomendasi penelitian ini menekankan perlunya Otoritas Jasa Keuangan meningkatkan efektivitas penerapan POJK Nomor 24 Tahun 2025 tentang Pengelolaan Rekening pada Bank Umum, khususnya terkait kewajiban pemberitahuan, standar rekening dormant, dan prosedur reaktivasi rekening, serta mendorong perbankan untuk menerapkan kebijakan pemblokiran dengan tetap menjunjung prinsip kehati-hatian, transparansi, dan perlindungan konsumen. Abstract: This study aims to examine and analyze the legal regulations governing the blocking of customer accounts by banks, as well as the forms of legal protection provided for dormant customer accounts after they have been blocked by banks. This research is normative legal research with a legislative and conceptual approach. The legal materials used consist of primary, secondary, and tertiary legal materials that are analyzed prescriptively to explain the applicable legal provisions and provide normative arguments and recommendations. The results of the study show that the regulation of customer account blocking in Indonesia has not been explicitly and comprehensively formulated in a specific provision, but is scattered in various general provisions, especially those related to the principle of prudence and the regime for the prevention of financial crimes. The absence of regulations that clearly stipulate the obligations, procedures, and time limits for blocking accounts has resulted in weak preventive legal protection for customers and has the potential to cause uncertainty for customers in accessing their funds. Legal protection after blocking is essentially repressive, through complaint mechanisms, account reactivation, and civil law efforts. However, without a clear and firm preventive foundation, such repressive protection does not fully guarantee legal certainty and balance between banks and customers. This research recommendation emphasizes the need for the Financial Services Authority to improve the effectiveness of the implementation of POJK Number 24 of 2025 concerning Account Management at Commercial Banks, particularly in relation to notification obligations, dormant account standards, and account reactivation procedures, as well as encouraging banks to implement blocking policies while upholding the principles of prudence, transparency, and consumer protection
Copyright (c) 2025 Muhammad Dzakwan Dzaputra, Mohammad Arif, Tri Abriana Ma'ruf https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Civil Liability of the Government for Accidents Resulting from Road Damage
Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis implementasi tanggung jawab perdata Pemerintah Kabupaten Bulukumba terhadap kecelakaan lalu lintas akibat kerusakan jalan, serta mengidentifikasi kendala yang dihadapi dalam pelaksanaannya. Infrastruktur jalan sebagai fasilitas publik memiliki peran vital dalam menjamin keselamatan pengguna jalan. Namun, kondisi sebagian ruas jalan di Kabupaten Bulukumba belum memenuhi standar kelayakan, sehingga berpotensi menimbulkan kecelakaan lalu lintas dan kerugian bagi masyarakat. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kualitatif dengan pendekatan yuridis sosiologis, yaitu mengkaji hukum sebagai norma dan sebagai praktik dalam masyarakat. Data primer diperoleh melalui wawancara dengan pejabat Dinas Pekerjaan Umum dan Tata Ruang Kabupaten Bulukumba, Satuan Lalu Lintas Polres Bulukumba, korban kecelakaan, serta akademisi dan praktisi hukum. Data sekunder diperoleh dari peraturan perundang-undangan, literatur ilmiah, dan dokumen resmi yang berkaitan dengan pemeliharaan jalan dan keselamatan lalu lintas. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa implementasi tanggung jawab perdata pemerintah daerah belum terlaksana secara optimal. Pemerintah Kabupaten Bulukumba telah melakukan pemeliharaan jalan secara rutin dan insidental serta koordinasi dengan pihak kepolisian, namun pelaksanaannya masih terkendala keterbatasan anggaran, prosedur birokrasi, dan faktor teknis sehingga tindak lanjut perbaikan sering terlambat. Selain itu, pemerintah daerah belum menyediakan mekanisme ganti rugi secara langsung bagi korban kecelakaan, sehingga korban pada umumnya diarahkan untuk mengajukan klaim kepada Jasa Raharja. Dari aspek hukum, masyarakat mengalami kesulitan dalam menuntut pertanggungjawaban perdata pemerintah akibat sulitnya pembuktian hubungan sebab-akibat dan keterbatasan akses terhadap mekanisme hukum, yang menimbulkan kesenjangan antara kewajiban hukum pemerintah dan praktik di lapangan.
, kecelakaan lalu lintas, keselamatan jalan
Copyright (c) 2025 Andi Baso Maulana, Lauddin Marsuni, Satrih hasyim https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Cheap Smoke, Lives at Stake: Exposing the Weakness of Consumer Protection Against Illegal Cigarettes in Makassar
Penelitian ini bertujuan Untuk mengetahui dan menganalisis perlindungan hukum terhadap konsumen dari peredaran rokok ilegal di Kota Makassar serta untuk mengetahui dan menganalisis upaya pemerintah dalam hal pencegahan peredaran rokok ilegal di Kota Makassar. Penelitian ini menggunakan penelitian hukum empiris, yang dimaksud dengan penelitian empiris adalah yakni suatu metode penelitian hukum yang berfungsi untuk melihat hukum dalam artian nyata dan meneliti bagaimana kerjanya hukum di lingkungan Masyarakat. Dengan penelitian tersebut, maka penulis dalam penyusunan penelitian ini lebih mengarahkan pada pengkajian fakta-fakta yang terdapat di lapangan terkait Perlindungan hukum konsumen terhadap konsumen peredaran rokok ilegal di Kota Makassar.Hasil Penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa Perlindungan hukum terhadap konsumen rokok ilegal di Kota Makassar belum efektif karena rendahnya kesadaran konsumen, keterbatasan informasi dimana konsumen disini kurang mengetahui tentang apa itu cukai dan bagaimana akibat mengomsumsi rokok yang tanpa cukai atau illegal, dan lemahnya implementasi Undang-Undang Perlindungan Konsumen. Konsumen memilih rokok ilegal karena harga murah tanpa memperhatikan risiko kesehatan, Upaya pemerintah melalui Bea Cukai telah dilakukan melalui penindakan dan edukasi, namun terkendala sumber daya, koordinasi, dan teknologi pengawasan.Rekomendasi penelitian Pemerintah dalam hal Bea Cukai Kota Makassar disarankan meningkatkan edukasi publik tentang risiko rokok ilegal, memperkuat pengawasan berbasis partisipasi masyarakat, serta meningkatkan koordinasi, sumber daya, dan pemanfaatan teknologi pengawasan untuk mendorong pencegahan peredaran rokok ilegal yang lebih efektif dan melindungi kesehatan masyarakat serta perekonomian negara. Abstract: This study aims to identify and analyze the legal protection of consumers against the circulation of illegal cigarettes in Makassar City and to examine government efforts in preventing the distribution of illegal cigarettes in Makassar City. This research employs an empirical legal research method, which examines law in its real context and analyzes how law operates within society. Accordingly, this study focuses on field facts related to consumer legal protection against the circulation of illegal cigarettes in Makassar City. The results of this study indicate that legal protection for consumers of illegal cigarettes in Makassar City has not been effective due to low consumer awareness, limited access to information—where consumers lack understanding of excise and the risks of consuming illegal cigarettes—and weak implementation of Consumer Protection Law. Consumers tend to choose illegal cigarettes because of their lower prices without considering the health risks; government efforts through the Customs and Excise Office have been carried out through enforcement and educational programs, but these efforts face obstacles in terms of limited resources, coordination, and surveillance technology. This study recommends that the Makassar Customs and Excise Office enhance public education regarding the risks of illegal cigarettes and strengthen community-based monitoring, and improve coordination, resources, and the use of surveillance technology to promote more effective prevention of illegal cigarette circulation and to protect public health and the national economy.
Copyright (c) 2025 muh jalil, dwihandayani, rustan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Marriage Dispensation Justifies the Exploitation of Underage Marriage
Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pelaksanaan dispensasi kawin yang menitikberatkan pada pertimbangan hakim terkait penerapan prinsip kepentingan terbaik bagi anak serta faktor-faktor yang memengaruhi dikabulkannya permohonan dispensasi kawin. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah metode penelitian hukum empiris. Penelitian ini menawarkan kebaruan dengan menampilkan data terbaru mengenai dispensasi kawin serta mengungkap adanya perubahan sosial, yaitu pergeseran inisiatif pengajuan dispensasi yang tidak lagi didominasi oleh orang tua, melainkan berasal dari anak sebagai pemohon. Fenomena ini merupakan temuan yang relatif baru dan masih jarang dibahas dalam penelitian sebelumnya. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa prinsip kepentingan terbaik bagi anak sebagai dasar utama dalam memutus permohonan dispensasi kawin dengan mempertimbangkan aspek kesehatan, psikologis, keberlanjutan pendidikan, dan perlindungan terhadap janin serta pertimbangan hubungan kedekatan para pemohon. Disamping faktor kehamilan di luar perkawinan, pertimbangan hakim juga dipengaruhi oleh faktor sosial dan budaya, seperti tekanan keluarga, stigma sosial, praktik perkawinan dini yang mengakar, serta pergeseran inisiatif pengajuan dispensasi. Hasil ini mengindikasikan adanya perbedaan praktik yang terjadi di UPTD PPA yang cenderung menempatkan kehamilan di luar nikah sebagai pertimbangan utama dalam pemberian surat rekomendasi nikah. Penelitian ini menyarankan agar hakim dan UPTD PPA dalam menangani perkara dispensasi kawin lebih memprioritaskan kepentingan terbaik bagi anak dengan memperhatikan dampak jangka panjang serta perlindungan terhadap janin jika terjadi kehamilan. Selain itu, diperlukan penjelasan yang lebih jelas mengenai kriteria “alasan mendesak” agar masyarakat memahami dasar pemberian dispensasi kawin dan dapat mencegah terjadinya perkawinan yang dipaksakan terhadap anak. Abstract This study aims to determine the implementation of marriage dispensation that focuses on the judge's consideration regarding the application of the principle of the best interests of the child and the factors that influence the granting of marriage dispensation requests. The research method used is empirical legal research. This study offers novelty by presenting the latest data on marriage dispensations and revealing social changes, namely a shift in the initiative to apply for dispensations, which is no longer dominated by parents but comes from children as applicants. This phenomenon is a relatively new finding and has rarely been discussed in previous studies. The results of the study show that the principle of the best interests of the child is the main basis for deciding on marriage dispensation requests, taking into account aspects of health, psychology, educational continuity, and protection of the fetus, as well as the closeness of the relationship between the applicants. In addition to the factor of pregnancy outside of marriage, the judge's considerations are also influenced by social and cultural factors, such as family pressure, social stigma, deep-rooted practices of early marriage, and shifts in the initiative to apply for dispensation. These results indicate differences in practice at the UPTD PPA, which tends to place pregnancy outside of marriage as the main consideration in issuing marriage recommendation letters. This study suggests that judges and UPTD PPA in handling marriage dispensation cases should prioritize the best interests of the child by considering the long-term impact and protection of the fetus in the event of pregnancy. In addition, a clearer explanation of the criteria for “urgent reasons” is needed so that the public understands the basis for granting marriage dispensation and can prevent forced marriages of children.
Copyright (c) 2025 RESKY MUTIARANI GAZALI, Nurhaedah, Sahban https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Comparison of the Effectiveness of the Roles of Land Deed Officials and Sub-District Heads in Land Registration in East Luwu Regency
Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji dua hal utama, pertama untuk mengetahui dan mempelajari perbedaan peran serta tanggung jawab antara PPAT dan Camat dalam hal pendaftaran tanah dan yang kedua untuk mengetahui dan menganalisis efektivitas peran dari Pejabat Pembuat Akta Tanah dan Camat dalam hal pendaftaran tanah di kabupaten Luwu Timur. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode penelitian empiris. Lokasi penelitian dilakukan di kantor PPAT dan kantor kecamatan Malili di Kabupaten Luwu Timur. Data yang digunakan terdiri dari data primer dan data sekunder yang diperoleh melaui teknik wawancara. Seluruh data yang terkumpul dianalisis secara kuantitatif dengan menggabungkan data primer dan data skunder dari wawancara sehingga dapat ditarik kesimpulan yang akurat mengenai hasil penelitian ini. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa PPAT dan Camat memiliki peran berbeda namun saling melengkapi dalam pendaftaran tanah. PPAT berwenang penuh membuat akta otentik, sementara Camat diberikan kewenangan terbatas. Efektivitas keduanya berpengaruh terhadap kepastian hukum, sehingga peningkatan kapasitas dan fasilitas sangat diperlukan untuk mendukung kelancaran dan legalitas transaksi tanah. Rekomendasi Penelitian Untuk meningkatkan efektivitas PPAT dan Camat dalam menjamin kepastian hukum, diperlukan pelatihan rutin, penyediaan fasilitas teknologi, serta penegasan batas kewenangan Abstrak : Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji dua hal utama, pertama untuk mengetahui dan mempelajari perbedaan peran serta tanggung jawab antara PPAT dan Camat dalam hal pendaftaran tanah dan yang kedua untuk mengetahui dan menganalisis efektivitas peran dari Pejabat Pembuat Akta Tanah dan Camat dalam hal pendaftaran tanah di kabupaten Luwu Timur. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode penelitian empiris. Lokasi penelitian dilakukan di kantor PPAT dan kantor kecamatan Malili di Kabupaten Luwu Timur. Data yang digunakan terdiri dari data primer dan data sekunder yang diperoleh melaui teknik wawancara. Seluruh data yang terkumpul dianalisis secara kuantitatif dengan menggabungkan data primer dan data skunder dari wawancara sehingga dapat ditarik kesimpulan yang akurat mengenai hasil penelitian ini. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa PPAT dan Camat memiliki peran berbeda namun saling melengkapi dalam pendaftaran tanah. PPAT berwenang penuh membuat akta otentik, sementara Camat diberikan kewenangan terbatas. Efektivitas keduanya berpengaruh terhadap kepastian hukum, sehingga peningkatan kapasitas dan fasilitas sangat diperlukan untuk mendukung kelancaran dan legalitas transaksi tanah. Rekomendasi Penelitian Untuk meningkatkan efektivitas PPAT dan Camat dalam menjamin kepastian hukum, diperlukan pelatihan rutin, penyediaan fasilitas teknologi, serta penegasan batas kewenangan
Copyright (c) 2025 Andi Setio Nugraha Syamsuddin, Ilham Abbas, Yuli Adha Hamzah https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Juridical Review of the Role of the Makassar Heritage Hall in Issuing Certificates of Inheritance
This study aims to analyze the legal force of the certificate of inheritance issued by the Balai Harta Peninggalan (Inheritance Affairs Office) in Makassar City, as well as the responsibilities of the office regarding the issuance of such certificates. The research employs a normative juridical method with legislative, conceptual, and case study approaches. The data used consist of primary, secondary, and tertiary legal materials, which are analyzed qualitatively. The results show that the certificate of inheritance issued by the Inheritance Affairs Office holds legal validity as long as it meets the requirements stipulated in the applicable laws and regulations. However, in practice, the implementation of this authority encounters several challenges, including inconsistencies in data that may affect the legitimacy of the certificate. Furthermore, the Inheritance Affairs Office bears full responsibility for ensuring the accuracy and validity of the information used as the basis for issuing the certificate, including being held accountable in cases of disputes arising from the issued documents. The recommendation of this study is to contribute to strengthening the understanding of the role and responsibilities of the Inheritance Affairs Office within the Indonesian inheritance law system. Abstrak : Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis kekuatan hukum surat keterangan waris yang diterbitkan oleh Balai Harta Peninggalan di Kota Makassar, serta tanggung jawab lembaga tersebut dalam penerbitan surat keterangan tersebut. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode yuridis normatif dengan pendekatan perundang-undangan, konseptual, dan studi kasus. Data yang digunakan terdiri atas bahan hukum primer, sekunder, dan tersier, yang dianalisis secara kualitatif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa surat keterangan waris yang diterbitkan oleh Balai Harta Peninggalan memiliki kekuatan hukum sepanjang memenuhi persyaratan yang ditetapkan dalam peraturan perundang-undangan yang berlaku. Namun, dalam praktiknya, pelaksanaan kewenangan tersebut menghadapi beberapa kendala, antara lain ketidakkonsistenan data yang dapat memengaruhi keabsahan surat keterangan tersebut. Selain itu, Balai Harta Peninggalan memikul tanggung jawab penuh untuk memastikan keakuratan dan keabsahan informasi yang dijadikan dasar penerbitan surat, termasuk pertanggungjawaban dalam hal terjadi sengketa yang timbul akibat dokumen yang diterbitkan. Rekomendasi dari penelitian ini adalah memberikan kontribusi dalam memperkuat pemahaman mengenai peran dan tanggung jawab Balai Harta Peninggalan dalam sistem hukum waris di Indonesia
Andi Muhammad Fikri Ramadani Andi Nganro
Copyright (c) 2025 Andi Muhammad Fikri Ramadani Andi Nganro, La Ode Husen, Muhammad Zulkifli Muhdar https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Protecting the Unprotected: A Legal Analysis of Guardianship for Underage Orphans
This study aims to analyze the guardianship of orphans who are still minors from the perspective of positive law in Indonesia. Orphans who have lost both parents need legal protection, especially in terms of guardianship arrangements that function to ensure the welfare and rights of the child. In this case, guardianship is an important aspect to provide a sense of security for children who need legal guidance, especially in determining who is responsible for fulfilling the child's living and educational needs. This study uses a normative research method, with an approach to relevant laws and regulations, as well as a literature study involving primary and secondary legal materials such as laws, literature, and related journals. This analysis also includes various regulations regarding child guardianship in Indonesian positive law, especially those regulating the status of orphans who have not reached adulthood. The results of the study show that in Indonesian positive law, guardianship of orphans is regulated in Law No. 23 of 2002 concerning Child Protection and Law No. 1 of 1974 concerning Marriage. The process of guardianship of orphans aims to provide custody to the person who is considered most worthy, either from the family or other parties who can provide the best protection for the child. However, in practice, there are still various obstacles, such as the lack of public understanding of the rights of orphans and weak supervision of the implementation of guardianship. Therefore, it is necessary to increase legal awareness in the community and strengthen the role of the state in supervising the guardianship of orphans.The recommendation from this study is to increase understanding of the guardianship rights of orphans and strengthen the implementation of legal protection for children, through education and closer cooperation between related institutions. Abstrak: Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis perwalian anak yatim piatu yang masih di bawah umur dalam perspektif hukum positif di Indonesia. Anak yatim piatu yang kehilangan kedua orang tuanya memerlukan perlindungan hukum, khususnya dalam hal pengaturan perwalian yang berfungsi untuk memastikan kesejahteraan dan hak-hak anak tersebut. Dalam hal ini, perwalian merupakan aspek penting untuk memberikan rasa aman bagi anak yang membutuhkan bimbingan hukum, terutama dalam menentukan siapa yang bertanggung jawab atas pemenuhan kebutuhan hidup dan pendidikan anak. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode penelitian normatif, dengan pendekatan terhadap peraturan perundang-undangan yang relevan, serta studi pustaka yang melibatkan bahan hukum primer dan sekunder seperti Undang-Undang, literatur, dan jurnal terkait. Analisis ini juga mencakup berbagai peraturan mengenai perwalian anak dalam hukum positif Indonesia, khususnya yang mengatur status anak yatim piatu yang belum mencapai umur dewasa. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa dalam hukum positif Indonesia, perwalian anak yatim piatu diatur dalam Undang-Undang No. 23 Tahun 2002 tentang Perlindungan Anak dan Undang-Undang No. 1 Tahun 1974 tentang Perkawinan. Proses perwalian anak yatim piatu bertujuan untuk memberikan hak asuh kepada orang yang dianggap paling layak, baik dari keluarga atau pihak lain yang dapat memberikan perlindungan terbaik bagi anak. Namun, dalam praktiknya, masih terdapat berbagai kendala, seperti kurangnya pemahaman masyarakat mengenai hak-hak anak yatim piatu serta lemahnya pengawasan terhadap implementasi perwalian. Oleh karena itu, dibutuhkan peningkatan kesadaran hukum di masyarakat dan penguatan peran negara dalam pengawasan terhadap perwalian anak yatim piatu. Rekomendasi dari penelitian ini adalah untuk meningkatkan pemahaman tentang hak perwalian anak yatim piatu dan memperkuat implementasi perlindungan hukum bagi anak, melalui pendidikan dan kerjasama yang lebih erat antar lembaga terkait.
Copyright (c) 2025 Aisyah Fadilah, Muhammad Rinaldy Bima, Asriati Asriati https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
The Existence Of Customary Leaders in Land Dispute Resolution
This study aims to determine and analyze the existence of the Tu'a Golo traditional figure in resolving land disputes in the indigenous people of Boleng District, Manggarai Bara Regency, East Nusa Tenggara. To determine and understand the factors that influence the resolution of land disputes in the Tu'a Golo traditional figure in the indigenous people of Boleng District. This study uses an empirical legal research type. The location of the research is in the Customary Law area of ​​Boleng District, West Manggarai Regency, East Nusa Tenggara Province. The types and sources of data are Primary and Secondary Data obtained through interview and documentation techniques, then qualitative analysis is carried out. The results of the study show that the existence of the traditional figure Tu'a Golo in the process of resolving land disputes in the traditional community of Boleng District, West Manggarai Regency, East Nusa Tenggara was resolved by Tu'a Golo as a traditional figure. The factors that influence the process of resolving land disputes in the traditional figure Tu'a Golo in the traditional community of Boleng District are internal factors from Tu'a Golo himself and external factors from the community. The recommendation of this study is that Tua Golo conduct socialization of the applicable customary law so that the community prioritizes resolving social and cultural problems through deliberation and consensus. As the customary leader or Hatoe Kampoh, Tu'a Golo always pays attention to his traditional community by being a fair mediator so that he is not influenced by any party. Abstract: This study aims to determine and analyze the existence of the Tu'a Golo traditional figure in resolving land disputes in the indigenous people of Boleng District, Manggarai Bara Regency, East Nusa Tenggara. To determine and understand the factors that influence the resolution of land disputes in the Tu'a Golo traditional figure in the indigenous people of Boleng District. This study uses an empirical legal research type. The location of the research is in the Customary Law area of ​​Boleng District, West Manggarai Regency, East Nusa Tenggara Province. The types and sources of data are Primary and Secondary Data obtained through interview and documentation techniques, then qualitative analysis is carried out. The results of the study show that the existence of the traditional figure Tu'a Golo in the process of resolving land disputes in the traditional community of Boleng District, West Manggarai Regency, East Nusa Tenggara was resolved by Tu'a Golo as a traditional figure. The factors that influence the process of resolving land disputes in the traditional figure Tu'a Golo in the traditional community of Boleng District are internal factors from Tu'a Golo himself and external factors from the community. The recommendation of this study is that Tua Golo conduct socialization of the applicable customary law so that the community prioritizes resolving social and cultural problems through deliberation and consensus. As the customary leader or Hatoe Kampoh, Tu'a Golo always pays attention to his traditional community by being a fair mediator so that he is not influenced by any party.
Copyright (c) 2025 Ridwan Bustam, Ilham Abbas, Muhammad Zulkifli Muhdar https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Analysis Legal Impact of Cancellation Marriage in Religious Court
Study This aiming For knowing marital status second according to legislation in Indonesia and For know impact law cancellation marriage in religious courts . Research This use method study normative law , namely studies verdict . Research Results show that : first , according to positive law Polygamy allowed but very limited For protect rights women and children . Husband who wants polygamous must own legitimate reason , get​ permission from wife first , and submit application to religious court . Meanwhile , according to complications law Islam polygamy allowed with condition tight , especially dam matter applicable fair to wives and children . Second , the judge's considerations regarding impact law cancellation marriage in decision Number 586/ Rev.G /2022/ PA.Mks . Although marriage both of his parents canceled However decision the No applicable ebb to rights children and children still entitled get right inheritance towards his parents as well as if child born​ That women , then the father also has the right become guardian of his child's marriage .
Copyright (c) 2025 Nurwana Aris, Dachran S. Busthami, , Andi Nur Auliyah Asra
Customary Land Law in the Mamberamo Community
This study is entitled Law on Customary Land in the Mamberamo Community, Especially the Warembori Village Community in Tanah Tabi, Papua Province. The main focus of this study is to examine the agrarian conflict between the Warembori Village and Yoke Village communities in Mamberamo Hilir District, as well as to analyze the mechanism of recognition and protection of customary rights of customary law communities in the area. This study uses a qualitative descriptive method with a case study approach. Data were obtained through interviews with traditional figures, community leaders, and parties involved in land disputes. In addition, secondary data was collected from legal documents such as Law Number 5 of 1960 and Papua Provincial Regulation Number 5 of 2022 The results of the study indicate that this agrarian conflict was caused by overlapping claims to customary land. In addition, there are still obstacles in the implementation of legal protection for indigenous peoples, especially in the administrative aspect of land registration. This study provides recommendations to improve the recognition and legal protection of customary land through clearer and more inclusive regulations.
Effectiveness Implementation Electronic Land Certificates In Preventing Land Mafia Practices
This study aims to examine and explain the effectiveness of implementing electronic land certificates in preventing land mafia practices, the factors influencing it, and to investigate the application of electronic land certificates in Pinrang Regency. The research employs an empirical legal research method, with the study conducted at the ATR/BPN Office in Pinrang Regency. Data were collected through interviews and literature studies, which were analyzed then qualitatively and descriptively. The findings indicate that the introduction of electronic land certificates significantly enhances transparency in land ownership, allowing the public easier access to information and thereby reducing the likelihood of fraud. Additionally, the study finds that a digitized and integrated land registration system can lead to a significant reduction in land disputes, particularly those triggered by land mafia activities. However, the research also highlights potential technical challenges and cybersecurity threats that could compromise the integrity of electronic certificates, emphasizing the need for robust security measures to protect against data breaches and fraud. Based on these findings, the study recommends the establishment of comprehensive cybersecurity protocols and public education initiatives to ensure that landowners and potential buyers can effectively verify the authenticity of electronic land certificates. Furthermore, it suggests that policymakers are prioritizing the digital transformation of land management systems to enhance efficiency and public participation in governance.
Copyright (c) 2025 Mutmainna Samad, Fahri Bachmid, Dwi Handayani
Analysis Unhealthy Business Competition in the Business Era Digital Based
The purpose of this research is to understand and analyze the regulation of unfair business practices in the digital business era in Indonesia, as well as the impact of unfair competition on innovation and business sustainability in the future. This research employs a normative research method, using primary and secondary legal materials obtained through literature and the analysis of books, journals, and cases, particularly those available on the internet, literature books, and laws. The research results indicate that unfair competition in Indonesia is regulated by the ITE Law No. 11 of 2008 and Law no. 5 of 1999, but there are still gaps in oversight, especially in the digital sector. The ITE Law focuses more on electronic transactions and personal data protection, while the Anti-Monopoly Law has not fully accommodated new challenges such as predatory pricing and market dominance by large platforms. As a result, unfair competition can lead to market monopolies, a decrease in MSME turnover, and future losses for consumers. The research recommendation is that the anti-monopoly law has been effective in reducing unfair competition in the digital sector, but the government needs to provide further support, especially regarding the limitations of the KPPU under the existing regulations, without disrupting existing industries. Also, to prevent the negative impacts of unfair competition, tighter oversight is necessary, especially in competition within the digital sector, such as e-commerce.
Copyright (c) 2025 Aliah Latifah, La Ode Husen, Jasmaniar Jasmaniar https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Food and Drug Monitoring Agency (BPOM) in Protection Consumer To Product Maintenance Skin
This study aims to determine and analyze the role of the BPOM (Indonesian National Agency of Drug and Food Control) in protecting consumers from skincare products containing mercury. It also aims to identify and analyze the legal actions taken by BPOM Makassar City against skincare products that do not meet quality standards. This research uses an empirical legal research method, which involves field data as the primary source, such as interviews and observations. The results of the study indicate: (1) The role of BPOM in providing consumer protection against the circulation of skincare products containing mercury by monitoring and supervising the circulation of skincare products in the market to ensure they do not contain harmful substances, implementing pre-market surveillance, conducting post-market surveillance, and inspecting skincare products circulating in the market. (2) The legal actions taken by BPOM against skincare products that do not meet quality standards include administrative sanctions and criminal sanctions. As recommendations: (1) The government needs to implement stricter supervision to better protect consumers from the use of cosmetics that do not have BPOM circulation permits. (2) There must be good cooperation between the government, BPOM, and law enforcement authorities in efforts to protect consumers from the circulation of cosmetics that do not meet the standards, through regular supervision of producers and business actors, as well as providing outreach to the public to raise awareness.
Copyright (c) 2025 Tritami Meldasari, Hasbuddin Khalid, Arfah Tjolleng
Position Permission Divorce for Civil Servants at the Class 1A Religious Court Office in Makassar
Study This aiming For know and understand mechanism submission permission for Civil servants who carry out divorce at the Class 1A Religious Court Office in Makassar. And for know and understand factor affecting​ submission permission for Civil servants who carry out divorce at the Class 1A Religious Court Office in Makassar. Research This use method study empirical that is a approach or method knowledge based​ observation direct , observation , and observation . Research results This show Civil servants who want to submit application permission divorce must with legitimate reasons​ to official authorized Then official authorized to form team advisory after That call second split party husband wife simultaneously or individually . Officials give advice to be able to harmony Back but if second split party or one of them party want to divorce so both of them must make statement want to divorce . The factors that influence submission permission divorce that is factor internal and external factors external . Recommendations given​ writer that is Firstly, civil servants at the Class 1A Religious Court in Makassar must own permission If want to carry out divorce . The second one give certainty law and sense of justice in take or emit permit decision letter divorce for civil servants.
Copyright (c) 2025 Muhammad Fadil Baharuddin, Syahruddin Nawi, Dian Eka Pusvita Aziza
Land Agency in Realizing a Systematic Land Registration Program Complete
Study This aiming For know the role of the National Land Agency in realize Systematic Land Registration Complete (PTSL) in Makassar City and find out obstacles faced by the National Land Agency in implementation Systematic Land Registration Complete (PTSL) in Makassar City. The research method used is method study empirical . The results of study This that is , to show role of the Land Agency in realizing the Systematic Land Registration program Complete in Makassar City , namely stage planning , determination location , preparation , formation and establishment committee adjudication Systematic Land Registration Complete (PTSL) and units assignments , counseling , collection of physical data and legal data , legal data research and proof rights , announcement of physical data and legal data as well as its ratification , confirmation conversion , recognition rights and grants rights , bookkeeping rights , publishing certificate right on land , documentation and handover results activity as well as reporting . Then , the obstacles faced by the Makassar City National Land Agency in realize Systematic Land Registration Complete that is moving domicile expert inheritance , letter information expert the heirs who have move domicile and sufficient registration process complex . Recommendations study This It is expected that the Makassar City Land Office will running a Systematic Land Registration program Complete (PTSL) in collaboration with public Give socialization so that speed up this program walk and give certainty law and protection law right on land public based on principle simple , cheap , fast , smooth , safe , fair , equitable and open as well as accountable , so that can increase welfare and prosperity society and the country's economy , as well as reduce and prevent disputes and conflicts land .
Copyright (c) 2025 Alfiya Kautsar fauzi muhammad, Anzar Anzar , Nasrullah Arsyad
Protection of Personal Data of Consumers Using Financial Technology Services
This research aims to examine and analyze legal provisions related to the protection of personal data of customers using financial technology services in Indonesian laws and regulations. Apart from that, this research also aims to compare the legal protection of consumer personal data in the regulations in force in Indonesia with the regulations in force in the United States. This research applies normative legal research methods. The data used comes from literature studies, including primary legal materials such as laws, Financial Services Authority Regulations (POJK), and Bank Indonesia Regulations (PBI), as well as secondary legal materials such as laws books and legal journals. The research results show that legal protection for the personal data of consumers using financial technology services in Indonesia has been regulated in Law Number 27 of 2022 concerning Personal Data Protection. This regulation reflects a progressive approach to law, which not only supports the use of technology but also provides protection for users to achieve legal certainty. Meanwhile, a comparison with regulations in the United States shows that personal data protection in the financial technology sector is based on the principle of “right to be alone” which is the main pillar of individual privacy. This principle emphasizes that privacy is a constitutional right of every citizen, as a form of respect and protection for this right.
Copyright (c) 2025 Nurul Jaya Nugraha, Andry Wikra Wardana Mamonto, Muhammad Azham Ilham
Legal Protection Against Buyer Good Faith in Implementation Execution of Mortgage Rights
This journal aims to analyze the implementation of execution seizure of mortgage rights related to good faith buyers, as well as the legal protection available to them. Using normative legal research methods, the data collected includes primary, secondary, and tertiary data, with a case study on. The results of the study indicate that execution seizure by the court does not harm legitimate buyers, who still have the right to ownership even though they transact with sellers who are not entitled. The decision emphasizes the importance of legal protection for good faith buyers in accordance with the provisions of the Civil Code and the circular of the Supreme Court. It is recommended that the sale and purchase of land rights be carried out before a PPAT and that banks be more careful in providing credit to reduce future risks, and agreements between the parties must be clearly drafted to ensure legal validity.
Copyright (c) 2025 Dhiya Salsabila Jamaluddin Sasa, Zainuddin Zainuddin, Mohammad Arif
Agreement on Providing Working Capital Credit
This study uses empirical legal research methods, empirical legal research is basically a combination of normative legal approaches with the addition of various empirical elements. In this empirical research method, it is also about the implementation of the legal provisions of the law in action in every particular legal research that occurs in society. The results of this study indicate that the procedure for granting Working Capital Credit (KMK) at PT. Bank Sulselbar Mamuju Branch is guided by the procedures and principles of providing sound credit and in accordance with applicable regulations. And the efforts made by Bank Sulselbar Mamuju in terms of overcoming debtors who default are by making efforts to save credit, this is considered very important for banks to avoid the occurrence of bad loans that can affect the soundness of the bank . The recommendation of this research is for creditors and debtors to further enhance their cooperation and compromise with each other so as to establish a more sustainable and effective agreement. In order for the implementation of working capital under the auspices of Bank Sulselbar Mamuju to run smoothly and each party does not suffer losses, the parties fulfill their respective rights and obligations where the debtor must be aware of his obligations.
Copyright (c) 2025 Faradhilla Ayun Maesaroh Haris, Ilham Abbas, Asriati Asriati