ADVANCED PRIVATE LEGAL INSIGHTS
type: channel
description: ADVANCES PRIVATE LEGAL INSIGHTS (APRIL), is an international journal established by the Faculty of Law, Universitas Muslim Indonesia. It has 2 issues per year (October and April). APRIL is an open access, double peer-reviewed e-journal which aims to offer a Private Legal scientific platform for cross-border legal research. These may include but are not limited to various fields in Justice in the context of Business, in Southeast Asia, and the Global context. The materials published include major academic papers dealing critically with various aspects and fields of law as well as shorter papers such as recently published book reviews and notes on recent issues of law.
publisher: Faculty of Law, Universitas Muslim Indonesia
language: en
publication name: ADVANCED PRIVATE LEGAL INSIGHTS
issn: 3090-3459
items: Cyber Notary and the Digital Transformation of Authentic Deed Formation in Indonesia
items: Between Authority and Justice: Employer’s Unilateral Termination in Indonesian Labor Law
items: Novum in Judicial Review: Instrument of Justice or Mere Procedural Formality?
items: Divorce Mediation in Makassar: A Real Solution or Mere Formality?
items: Legal Liability of Marketplaces for the Circulation of Counterfeit Goods
items: Intellectual Property in Academic Research: Addressing Unauthorized Use of Scientific Works in Makassar
items: The Effectiveness of Legal Protection for Consumers Regarding Motorcycle Damage
items: The Contractual Relationship of Online Motorcycle Taxis in Contract Law: Imbalance, Liability, and the Crisis of Legal Certainty
items: The Dilemma of Digital Music Royalties: Between Public Creativity and Creators’ Rights
items: Artificial Intelligence Is Not an Author: The Limits of Human Creative Contribution in Copyright Protection
items: Unregistered and Unseen: The Marginalization of Children Lacking Birth Certificates
items: When Goods Are Defective, Should Sellers Be Relieved of Liability in E-Commerce?
items: From Inactive to Inaccessible: Legal Protection of Dormant Accounts in the Banking System
items: Civil Liability of the Government for Accidents Resulting from Road Damage
items: Cheap Smoke, Lives at Stake: Exposing the Weakness of Consumer Protection Against Illegal Cigarettes in Makassar
items: Marriage Dispensation Justifies the Exploitation of Underage Marriage
items: Comparison of the Effectiveness of the Roles of Land Deed Officials and Sub-District Heads in Land Registration in East Luwu Regency
items: Juridical Review of the Role of the Makassar Heritage Hall in Issuing Certificates of Inheritance
items: Protecting the Unprotected: A Legal Analysis of Guardianship for Underage Orphans
items: The Existence Of Customary Leaders in Land Dispute Resolution
items: Analysis Legal Impact of Cancellation Marriage in Religious Court
items: Customary Land Law in the Mamberamo Community
items: Effectiveness Implementation Electronic Land Certificates In Preventing Land Mafia Practices
items: Analysis Unhealthy Business Competition in the Business Era Digital Based
items: Food and Drug Monitoring Agency (BPOM) in Protection Consumer To Product Maintenance Skin
items: Position Permission Divorce for Civil Servants at the Class 1A Religious Court Office in Makassar
items: Land Agency in Realizing a Systematic Land Registration Program Complete
items: Protection of Personal Data of Consumers Using Financial Technology Services
items: Legal Protection Against Buyer Good Faith in Implementation Execution of Mortgage Rights
items: Agreement on Providing Working Capital Credit

Cyber Notary and the Digital Transformation of Authentic Deed Formation in Indonesia
type: item
description: Abstract:This research aims to examine and describe the regulatory issues encountered by notaries in the process of drafting authentic deeds online, as well as to identify and analyze the main challenges in regulating the online execution of authentic deeds by notaries. The study adopts an empirical research method, which is based on direct observation and actual experiences in the field. The primary objective is to obtain concrete data or evidence through scientific methods such as observation, interviews, surveys, experiments, or case studies. The research findings indicate that the regulation of Cyber Notary is stipulated in Article 15, Paragraph (3) of the UUJN; however, its implementation in Indonesia is still hindered by the lack of clear regulations. Changes are required in the definition of notarial deeds, the authority of notaries concerning electronic deeds, and adequate digital procedures. Furthermore, data security and the verification of parties’ identities are crucial to prevent cybercrime. Therefore, harmonization between the UUJN, the Electronic Information and Transactions Law (UU ITE), and other relevant regulations is key to the successful implementation of Cyber Notary. The challenges in implementing Cyber and Electronic Notary encompass substantive, structural, and legal culture aspects. Substantively, regulations must be updated to include provisions on online presence and electronic identity verification. Structurally, secure technology, integrated infrastructure, and capacity building for notary human resources are necessary. Meanwhile, from the perspective of legal culture, public trust in the security and validity of electronic transactions must be established. Consequently, inter-institutional collaboration and regulatory adjustments are essential steps to support the readiness of notaries and a reliable system. Abstrak: Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui dan menggambarkan pengaturan yang dihadapi oleh notaris dalam proses pembuatan…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: cyber notary
  topic: keywords
subject: notary
  topic: keywords
subject: authentic deed
  topic: keywords
subject: Notaris Siber
  topic: keywords
subject: Kenokhtariatan
  topic: keywords
subject: Akta Otentik
  topic: keywords
creator: Putri Afifah
creator: Anggreany Arief
creator: Muhammad Arsy
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Putri Afifah, Anggreany Arief, Muhammad Arsy https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
date: 2026-03-28
publication date: 2026-03-28
starting page: 1
ending page: 10
doi: 10.56087/zhmapp73

Between Authority and Justice: Employer’s Unilateral Termination in Indonesian Labor Law
type: item
description: Abstrak: Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui dan menganalisis akibat hukum pemutusan kerja secara sepihak yang tidak berdasarkan Undang-Undang Ketenagakerjaan Nomor 13 Tahun 2003 serta untuk mengetahui upaya hukum jika terjadi Pemutusan Hubungan Kerja sepihak oleh suatu perusahaan. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan hukum normatif, adapun hasil penelitian yaitu Pertama: akibat hukum pemutusan hubungan kerja sepihak oleh pengusaha yang tidak berdasar pada Undang-Undang Nomor 13 Tahun 2003 Tentang Ketenagakerjaan adalah batal demi hukum selain itu apabila PHK tidak terhindarkan pengusaha wajib membayar uang pesangon, uang penghargaan serta uang pengganti hak yang besarannya telah diatur dalam UU Ketenagakerjaan. Kedua: upaya hukum yang dapat ditempuh jika terjadi pemutusan hubungan kerja sepihak oleh suatu perusahaan adalah dengan menempuh jalur Non Litigasi diantaranya bipartit, mediasi, konsiliasi, arbitrase, sebagai syarat untuk menempuh jalur Litigasi melalui gugatan di Pengadilan Hubungan Industrial. Abstract: This research aims to determine and analyze the legal consequences of unilateral termination of employment not based on Law Number 13 of 2003 Concerning Manpower and to determine the legal remedies in the event of unilateral termination of employment by a company. This research uses a normative legal approach. The results of the research are as follows: first, the legal consequences of unilateral termination of employment by employers not based on Law Number 13 of 2003 Concerning Manpower are null and void. Furthermore, if the termination is unavoidable, the employer is obliged to pay severance pay, reward money, and compensation for rights, the amounts of which are regulated in the Manpower Law. Second: Legal remedies that can be taken in the event of unilateral termination of employment by a company include non-litigation, including bipartite negotiations, mediation, conciliation, and arbitration, as a prerequisite for pursuing litigation through…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Ketenagakerjaan
  topic: keywords
subject: Pemutusan hubungan kerja
  topic: keywords
subject: Jalur Litigasi
  topic: keywords
subject: Employment
  topic: keywords
subject: Termination of Employement
  topic: keywords
subject: Pursuing Litigation
  topic: keywords
creator: Muhammad Alfian Zulkadri
creator: Andi Muin Fahmal
creator: Muhammad Azham Ilham
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Muhammad Alfian Zulkadri, Andi Muin Fahmal, Muhammad Azham Ilham https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
date: 2026-03-28
publication date: 2026-03-28
starting page: 1
ending page: 11
doi: 10.56087/3q9xh551

Novum in Judicial Review: Instrument of Justice or Mere Procedural Formality?
type: item
description: Abstrak : Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis efektivitas novum sebagai bukti baru dalam pengajuan Peninjauan Kembali pada perkara perdata serta mengidentifikasi faktor-faktor yang menjadi hambatan dalam penerapannya. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah penelitian hukum normatif dengan pendekatan perundang-undangan dan pendekatan konseptual, yang dianalisis secara kualitatif terhadap bahan hukum primer, sekunder, dan tersier. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa secara normatif novum memiliki peran penting dalam membuka kembali perkara yang telah berkekuatan hukum tetap apabila ditemukan bukti baru yang bersifat menentukan. Namun demikian, efektivitas novum dalam praktik peradilan perdata belum berjalan optimal. Hal ini disebabkan oleh beberapa faktor, antara lain ketidakseragaman standar penilaian hakim dalam menentukan apakah suatu bukti dapat dikualifikasikan sebagai novum yang menentukan, kecenderungan lembaga peradilan untuk mempertahankan asas finalitas putusan sehingga ruang koreksi melalui Peninjauan Kembali menjadi terbatas, serta minimnya transparansi dalam pertimbangan hukum putusan Peninjauan Kembali yang menyebabkan tidak adanya parameter yang jelas mengenai relevansi dan bobot novum. Selain itu, hambatan dalam penerapan novum juga bersumber dari aspek normatif dan praktis, seperti definisi novum yang masih bersifat umum dalam peraturan perundang-undangan, persyaratan formal Peninjauan Kembali yang relatif ketat, perbedaan standar penilaian antar hakim, serta keterbatasan akses terhadap dokumen atau data yang dapat dijadikan sebagai bukti baru. Oleh karena itu, diperlukan penguatan regulasi, standardisasi parameter penilaian novum, serta peningkatan transparansi dalam pertimbangan putusan Peninjauan Kembali agar fungsi novum sebagai instrumen pencapaian keadilan dapat diwujudkan secara lebih optimal dalam sistem peradilan perdata. Abstract : This study aims to analyze the effectiveness of novum as newly discovered evidence in filing a Petition…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Novum
  topic: keywords
subject: Peninjauan Kembali
  topic: keywords
subject: bukti baru
  topic: keywords
subject: Perkara perdata
  topic: keywords
subject: keadilan substantif
  topic: keywords
subject: Judicial Review
  topic: keywords
subject: Newly Discovered Evidence
  topic: keywords
subject: Civil Case
  topic: keywords
subject: Substantive Justice
  topic: keywords
creator: Fauziah Ramadani
creator: Andika Prawira Buana
creator: Azwad Rachmat Hambali
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Fauziah Ramadani, Andika Prawira Buana, Azwad Rachmat Hambali https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
date: 2026-03-30
publication date: 2026-03-30
starting page: 1
ending page: 11
doi: 10.56087/58qd9h48

Divorce Mediation in Makassar: A Real Solution or Mere Formality?
type: item
description: Abstrak: Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis efektivitas peran mediator dalam proses mediasi perkara perceraian di Pengadilan Agama Kelas IA Makassar serta merumuskan upaya strategis untuk memperkuat peran tersebut dalam menekan angka perceraian. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode hukum empiris dengan pendekatan sosiologi hukum, yang memanfaatkan data primer melalui wawancara dengan mediator serta data sekunder berupa dokumen laporan mediasi periode 2021–2024, yang dikumpulkan melalui observasi, wawancara, dan dokumentasi, kemudian dianalisis secara kualitatif. Pembaharuan penelitian ini terletak pada penggabungan analisis efektivitas mediasi dengan pendekatan praktis berbasis dinamika psikologis para pihak dalam perkara perceraian. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa efektivitas mediator dalam mencapai perdamaian utuh masih belum optimal, namun terdapat perkembangan pada keberhasilan mediasi parsial yang berkontribusi dalam mereduksi konflik lanjutan, khususnya terkait hak asuh dan pemenuhan kewajiban pasca perceraian. Di sisi lain, tingkat kegagalan mediasi masih tergolong tinggi akibat kuatnya keinginan para pihak untuk bercerai sejak awal proses. Kesimpulan penelitian ini menegaskan bahwa peran mediator belum sepenuhnya mampu menekan angka perceraian secara signifikan, meskipun telah berfungsi dalam mengelola dampak konflik secara lebih konstruktif. Penelitian ini memberikan rekomendasi berupa peningkatan kapasitas mediator melalui penguatan keterampilan komunikasi, negosiasi, dan pemahaman psikologi keluarga, serta optimalisasi waktu mediasi agar peluang tercapainya perdamaian dapat dimaksimalkan. Abstract: This study aims to analyze the effectiveness of the mediator's role in the divorce mediation process at the Class IA Religious Court in Makassar and to formulate strategic efforts to strengthen this role in reducing the divorce rate. This study uses an empirical legal method with a sociological approach to law, utilizing primary data through interv…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Mediator
  topic: keywords
subject: Perceraian
  topic: keywords
subject: Asas Mempersulit Perceraian
  topic: keywords
subject: Principles Complicating Divorce
  topic: keywords
subject: Divorce Proceeding
  topic: keywords
creator: Suci Aulya Almi
creator: Zainuddin Zainuddin
creator: Salmawati Salmawati
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Suci Aulya Almi, Zainuddin Zainuddin, Salmawati Salmawati https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
date: 2026-03-29
publication date: 2026-03-29
starting page: 1
ending page: 11
doi: 10.56087/n0n1h243

Legal Liability of Marketplaces for the Circulation of Counterfeit Goods
type: item
description: Abstrak: Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis pengaturan tanggung jawab marketplace terhadap peredaran produk palsu serta bentuk perlindungan konsumen dalam transaksi perdagangan melalui sistem elektronik. Menggunakan metode penelitian hukum normatif dengan pendekatan perundang-undangan dan konseptual, serta menganalisis bahan hukum primer, sekunder, dan tersier secara kualitatif, penelitian ini menemukan bahwa Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 80 Tahun 2019 tentang Perdagangan Melalui Sistem Elektronik menempatkan marketplace sebagai Penyelenggara Perdagangan Melalui Sistem Elektronik (PPMSE) yang bertanggung jawab memastikan sistemnya tidak digunakan untuk kegiatan ilegal. Pasal 22 PP No. 80 Tahun 2019 menegaskan tanggung jawab PPMSE atas konten ilegal dalam sistemnya, namun tanggung jawab ini bersifat terbatas dan bersyarat melalui penerapan prinsip notice and takedown. Meskipun demikian, regulasi ini masih bersifat umum dan belum mengatur standar kehati-hatian marketplace secara tegas dalam mencegah produk palsu, sehingga efektivitas perlindungan konsumen sangat bergantung pada kebijakan internal masing-masing marketplace. Diharapkan pemerintah dapat memperkuat regulasi dengan standar kehati-hatian yang lebih spesifik, sementara marketplace perlu meningkatkan sistem pengawasan internal dan mekanisme pelaporan. Konsumen juga dihimbau untuk lebih berhati-hati dalam bertransaksi. Abstract : This research aims to analyze the regulatory framework for the responsibility of marketplaces concerning the circulation of counterfeit products, as well as the forms of consumer protection in electronic commerce transactions. Employing a normative legal research method with legislative and conceptual approaches, and qualitatively analyzing primary, secondary, and tertiary legal materials, this study finds that Government Regulation Number 80 of 2019 concerning Electronic Commerce places marketplaces as Electronic Commerce Organizers (PPMSE) responsible for ensuring their system…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Produk Palsu
  topic: keywords
subject: Perlindungan Konsumen
  topic: keywords
subject: Perdagangan Sistem Elektronik
  topic: keywords
subject: Counterfeit Product
  topic: keywords
subject: Consumer Protection
  topic: keywords
subject: Electronic Commerce
  topic: keywords
creator: Shandy Shihab
creator: Sitti Ulfah
creator: Muhammad Fachri Said
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Shandy Shihab, Sitti Ulfah, Muhammad Fachri Said https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
date: 2026-03-29
publication date: 2026-03-29
starting page: 1
ending page: 10
doi: 10.56087/qy0m1531

Intellectual Property in Academic Research: Addressing Unauthorized Use of Scientific Works in Makassar
type: item
description: Abstrak: Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui dan menganalisis perlindungan hukum terhadap penggunaan karya ilmiah yang dilindungi hak cipta serta mengkaji akibat hukum dan faktor-faktor yang menyebabkan terjadinya pelanggaran hak cipta terhadap karya ilmiah, khususnya di Kota Makassar. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode penelitian hukum normatif empiris dengan pendekatan lapangan yang memadukan kajian terhadap bahan hukum dengan fakta yang terjadi di masyarakat. Data yang digunakan terdiri atas data primer yang diperoleh melalui wawancara dengan pihak terkait pada instansi pemerintah dan lingkungan akademik, serta data sekunder yang diperoleh melalui studi kepustakaan terhadap berbagai literatur dan bahan hukum yang relevan. Pembaharuan penelitian ini terletak pada upaya mengkaji secara terpadu antara aspek perlindungan hukum, praktik penggunaan karya ilmiah di lingkungan akademik, serta faktor sosial dan teknologi yang mempengaruhi terjadinya pelanggaran hak cipta. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa perlindungan terhadap karya ilmiah tidak hanya bersifat normatif, tetapi juga mencakup perlindungan administratif dan etik yang berkembang dalam praktik akademik. Berbagai bentuk pelanggaran dapat terjadi, seperti plagiarisme, penggunaan karya tanpa mencantumkan sumber, penggandaan karya tanpa izin, serta perubahan terhadap karya tanpa persetujuan pencipta. Kondisi tersebut dipengaruhi oleh rendahnya kesadaran hukum, terbatasnya pemanfaatan mekanisme perlindungan hak cipta, perkembangan teknologi digital, serta kurangnya pemahaman mengenai etika akademik. Kesimpulan penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa perlindungan terhadap karya ilmiah masih menghadapi berbagai tantangan, terutama dalam aspek kesadaran hukum dan implementasi perlindungan di lingkungan akademik. Penelitian ini memberikan rekomendasi agar dilakukan peningkatan sosialisasi, edukasi, dan penguatan penegakan hukum guna mendorong terciptanya budaya akademik yang menghargai hak cipta dan integritas ilmia…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Perlindungan Hukum
  topic: keywords
subject: Karya Ilmiah
  topic: keywords
subject: Hak Cipta
  topic: keywords
subject: Legal Protection
  topic: keywords
subject: Scientific Work
  topic: keywords
subject: Copyright
  topic: keywords
creator: Zulkarnain Zulkarnain
creator: Sri Lestari Poernomo
creator: Mursyid Mursyid
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Zulkarnain Zulkarnain, Sri Lestari Poernomo, Mursyid Mursyid https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
date: 2026-03-30
publication date: 2026-03-30
starting page: 1
ending page: 11
doi: 10.56087/gpdh7x91

The Effectiveness of Legal Protection for Consumers Regarding Motorcycle Damage
type: item
description: Abstrak: Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis efektivitas perlindungan hukum konsumen atas kerusakan sepeda motor dan menganalisis faktor yang memengaruhi efektivitas perlindungan hukum konsumen atas kerusakan sepeda motor pada bengkel resmi Honda di Kota Makassar. Penelitian ini menerapkan metode penelitian hukum empiris dengan pendekatan perundang-undangan dan pendekatan kasus. Data primer dikumpulkan melalui kegiatan wawancara terhadap konsumen yang mengalami kerusakan sepeda motor, sedangkan data sekunder dihimpun dengan menggunakan peraturan perundang-undangan, literatur hukum, dan bahan pustaka yang signifikan dengan perlindungan konsumen. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa perlindungan hukum terhadap konsumen atas kerusakan sepeda motor, secara normatif telah diatur dalam Undang-Undang Nomor 8 Tahun 1999 tentang Perlindungan Konsumen, namun dalam praktik pelaksanaannya belum sepenuhnya efektif karena masih terdapat konsumen yang mengalami kerugian akibat penanganan kerusakan sepeda motor yang belum optimal. Hal tersebut dipengaruhi oleh beberapa faktor, yaitu faktor hukum terkait kejelasan pengaturan garansi, faktor petugas teknisi dalam penanganan perbaikan, faktor sarana dan fasilitas bengkel, faktor masyarakat yang berkaitan dengan pemahaman konsumen terhadap kondisi kendaraan, serta faktor kebudayaan yang memengaruhi sikap dan kepercayaan konsumen. Rekomendasi penelitian ini yaitu perlunya peningkatan kesadaran konsumen terhadap hak dan kewajibannya dalam menggunakan sepeda motor serta meningkatkan kualitas pengerjaan teknisi sebagai pihak yang secara langsung menangani perbaikan sepeda motor milik konsumen, agar perlindungan hukum konsumen dapat berjalan lebih efektif. Abstract: This study aims to analyze the effectiveness of consumer legal protection regarding motorcycle damage and to identify the factors influencing the effectiveness of consumer legal protection regarding motorcycle damage at official Honda service centers in Makassar. This stud…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Efektivitas hukum
  topic: keywords
subject: Konsumen
  topic: keywords
subject: Kerusakan Sepeda Motor
  topic: keywords
subject: Effectiveness
  topic: keywords
subject: Consumer
  topic: keywords
subject: Motorcycle Damage
  topic: keywords
creator: Srirezky Rachman
creator: Syamsul Alam
creator: Andi Tenri Sapada
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Srirezky Rachman, Syamsul Alam, Andi Tenri Sapada https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
date: 2026-03-30
publication date: 2026-03-30
starting page: 1
ending page: 10
doi: 10.56087/xsrz1n11

The Contractual Relationship of Online Motorcycle Taxis in Contract Law: Imbalance, Liability, and the Crisis of Legal Certainty
type: item
description: Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis relasi kontraktual ojek online dalam perspektif hukum perjanjian serta mengkaji perlindungan hukum konsumen. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian hukum normatif dengan menggunakan pendekatan perundang-undangan dan pendekatan konseptual. Bahan hukum yang digunakan meliputi bahan hukum primer berupa peraturan perundang-undangan, bahan hukum sekunder berupa literatur dan jurnal ilmiah, serta bahan hukum tersier. Analisis dilakukan secara deskriptif-kualitatif untuk menguraikan dan menafsirkan ketentuan hukum yang berlaku. Kebaruan penelitian ini terletak pada analisis hubungan hukum tripartit yang melahirkan dua bentuk perjanjian elektronik, yaitu perjanjian kemitraan dan perjanjian pengangkutan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kedudukan hukum ojek online terbentuk melalui hubungan hukum tripartit yang melahirkan dua bentuk perjanjian, yaitu perjanjian kemitraan antara pengemudi dan perusahaan aplikasi serta perjanjian pengangkutan antara pengemudi dan konsumen. Kedua perjanjian tersebut sah secara hukum karena memenuhi syarat Pasal 1320 KUH Perdata dan diakui sebagai kontrak elektronik. Perlindungan hukum bagi konsumen telah diatur dalam Undang-Undang Nomor 8 Tahun 1999 tentang Perlindungan Konsumen dan Undang-Undang Nomor 11 Tahun 2008 tentang Informasi dan Transaksi Elektronik, namun masih terdapat hambatan berupa ketidakjelasan tanggung jawab, kontrak baku yang merugikan, kesulitan pembuktian, dan tidak adanya jaminan kualitas layanan yang konsisten. Penelitian ini menyimpulkan perlunya regulasi khusus dan penguatan mekanisme perlindungan hukum guna menciptakan kepastian dan keadilan bagi seluruh pihak. Abstract This study aims to analyze the contractual relationships of online motorcycle taxi (ojek online) services from the perspective of contract law and to examine consumer legal protection. This research is a normative legal study using a statutory approach and a conceptual approach. The legal materials employed cons…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: hukum perjanjian
  topic: keywords
subject: perlindungan konsumen
  topic: keywords
subject: kontrak baku
  topic: keywords
subject: hubungan hukum tripartit
  topic: keywords
subject: ojek online
  topic: keywords
subject: Online motorcycle taxi
  topic: keywords
subject: Contract Law
  topic: keywords
subject: Consumer Protection
  topic: keywords
subject: Standar Contracts
  topic: keywords
subject: Tripartite Legal Relationship
  topic: keywords
creator: Muhammad Faizhol Fadhlur Rohman Djamaluddin
creator: Sufirman Rahman
creator: Salmawati Salmawati
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Muhammad Faizhol Fadhlur Rohman Djamaluddin, Sufirman Rahman, Salmawati Salmawati https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
date: 2026-03-09
publication date: 2026-03-09
starting page: 1
ending page: 11
doi: 10.56087/wqyjk806

The Dilemma of Digital Music Royalties: Between Public Creativity and Creators’ Rights
type: item
description: Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji sinkronisasi pengaturan royalti atas praktik cover lagu dan pemutaran musik di ruang publik guna memberikan perlindungan terhadap hak ekonomi pencipta di tengah perkembangan monetisasi digital. Dinamika distribusi musik berbasis platform menghadirkan tantangan baru, khususnya terkait batas penggunaan komersial dan nonkomersial yang belum dirumuskan secara eksplisit. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode hukum normatif dengan pendekatan perundang-undangan dan konseptual guna menilai konsistensi norma serta relevansinya terhadap praktik aktual. Kebaruan penelitian ini terletak pada analisis terhadap norma kabur dan kekosongan norma parsial dalam klasifikasi penggunaan digital yang berimplikasi pada ketidakpastian hukum. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa meskipun sistem pengelolaan royalti telah diatur dan dilembagakan, implementasinya masih menghadapi tantangan berupa ambiguitas parameter komersialisasi, rendahnya kesadaran hukum pengguna, serta kebutuhan peningkatan transparansi dalam distribusi royalti. Kesimpulannya, perlindungan hak ekonomi pencipta telah tersedia secara normatif, namun efektivitasnya dalam menjamin kepastian hukum masih memerlukan penguatan pada aspek implementatif. Rekomendasinya, diperlukan penegasan parameter monetisasi digital, harmonisasi pengaturan klasifikasi penggunaan komersial, serta penguatan transparansi dan akuntabilitas sistem pengelolaan royalti guna mewujudkan kepastian hukum yang lebih adaptif dan berkeadilan di era digital. Abstract This study aims to examine the synchronization of royalty regulations on song cover practices and music playback in public spaces in order to protect the economic rights of creators amid the development of digital monetization. The dynamics of platform-based music distribution present new challenges, particularly regarding the boundaries between commercial and non-commercial use, which have not been explicitly defined. This study uses a normative legal method with…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Hak Cipta
  topic: keywords
subject: Royalti
  topic: keywords
subject: Cover Lagu
  topic: keywords
subject: Komersial
  topic: keywords
subject: Kepastian Hukum
  topic: keywords
subject: Copyright
  topic: keywords
subject: Royalty
  topic: keywords
subject: Song Cover
  topic: keywords
subject: Commercial
  topic: keywords
subject: Legal Certainty
  topic: keywords
creator: Nur A'limah Rahman
creator: Abdul Qahar
creator: Asriati Asriati
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Nur A'limah Rahman, Abdul Qahar, Asriati https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
date: 2026-03-12
publication date: 2026-03-12
starting page: 1
ending page: 14
doi: 10.56087/e7xd1875

Artificial Intelligence Is Not an Author: The Limits of Human Creative Contribution in Copyright Protection
type: item
description: Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis status hukum karya yang dihasilkan dengan bantuan kecerdasan buatan dalam sistem hak kekayaan intelektual Indonesia serta merumuskan mekanisme perlindungan hukumnya. Ketentuan peraturan perundang-undangan hak cipta dianalisis melalui penafsiran sistematis, ekstensif, dan teleologis guna menjawab permasalahan terkait originalitas dan subjek pencipta.Penelitian ini menggunakan metode yuridis normatif dengan pendekatan peraturan perundang-undangan, konseptual, kasus, dan sejarah. Data diperoleh melalui studi kepustakaan terhadap bahan hukum primer, sekunder, dan tersier, yang dianalisis secara kualitatif dengan metode interpretasi hukum. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa status hukum karya berbasis kecerdasan buatan ditentukan oleh adanya kontribusi kreatif manusia. Berdasarkan penafsiran Pasal 1 angka 2 jo. Pasal 1 angka 3 Undang-Undang Nomor 28 Tahun 2014 tentang Hak Cipta, karya yang dihasilkan dengan bantuan kecerdasan buatan dapat dilindungi hak cipta sepanjang terdapat kontribusi kreatif manusia yang substansial, sedangkan karya yang dihasilkan sepenuhnya oleh kecerdasan buatan tanpa keterlibatan kreatif manusia tidak memenuhi kualifikasi sebagai ciptaan. Perlindungan hukum tersedia melalui mekanisme preventif dan represif, namun masih terdapat kekosongan hukum terkait kriteria operasional kontribusi kreatif manusia. Sebagai rekomendasi, pemerintah perlu menetapkan pedoman teknis melalui peraturan pelaksana untuk memperjelas kriteria kontribusi kreatif manusia dalam pencatatan dan perlindungan ciptaan berbasis kecerdasan buatan guna menjamin kepastian hukum. Abstract: This study aims to analyze the legal status of works generated with the assistance of artificial intelligence within Indonesia's intellectual property rights system and to formulate appropriate legal protection mechanisms. The provisions of copyright legislation are examined through systematic, extensive, and teleological interpretation in order to addres…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Hak Cipta
  topic: keywords
subject: Perlindungan Hukum
  topic: keywords
subject: Originalitas; Ciptaan Berbasis Kecerdasan Buatan
  topic: keywords
subject: Copyright
  topic: keywords
subject: Legal protection
  topic: keywords
subject: Originlaity, Creation based on Artificial Intelligence
  topic: keywords
creator: cindy ramadani rasyid
creator: Rizki Ramadani
creator: Arianty Anggraeny Mangarengi
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 cindyramadani rasyid, ilhamabbas, RizkiRamadani https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
date: 2026-03-06
publication date: 2026-03-06
starting page: 1
ending page: 14
doi: 10.56087/zpqxsw59

Unregistered and Unseen: The Marginalization of Children Lacking Birth Certificates
type: item
description: Abstrak: Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui dan menganalisis aturan atau norma yang mengatur tentang akta kelahiran sehingga dapat memahami anak yang tidak mempunyai akta kelahiran serta dampaknya bagi kehidupan anak. Metode penelitian yang digunakan Adalah penelitian hukum normatif preskriptif dengan pendekatan perundang-undangan. Dengan menganalisis bahan hukum primer berupa Undang-Undang. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa akta kelahiran adalah bukti autentik yang diakui oleh negara sebagai identitas anak tersebut, sehingga dapat mengakses hak-hak lainnya, namun akta kelahiran bukan syarat agar seseorang menjadi subjek hukum, akta kelahiran hanya berfungsi sebagai bukti autentik bukan sebagai penentu lahirnya kepribadian hukum. Akibat tidak adanya akta kelahiran pada anak berdampak tidak dapatnya mengakses layanan seperti Pendidikan, Kesehatan, sehingga berdampak pada masadepan anak. Berdasarkan hasil tersebut, peneliti merekomendasikan pemerintah diharapkan dapat berperan aktif untuk memberikan fasilitasnya terhadap pemenuhan hak-hak masyarakatnya sehingga dapat menciptakan mekanisme yang mempermudah masyarakat. Pemerintah dan pembentuk Undang-Undang diharapkan dapat merevisi aturan-aturan yang ada ataupun menghapus aturan yang dapat menghambat masyarakat dalam memperoleh hak-haknya sebagai warga negara Indonesia. Abstract: This study aims to determine and analyze the rules or norms governing birth certificates so that they can understand children who do not have birth certificates and their impact on children's lives. The research method used is normative prescriptive legal research with a statutory approach. By analyzing primary legal materials in the form of laws. The results of the study show that a birth certificate is authentic evidence recognized by the state as the child's identity, so that they can access other rights, but a birth certificate is not a requirement for someone to become a legal subject, a birth certificate only functions as authent…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Akta kelahiran
  topic: keywords
subject: Anak Luar Nikah
  topic: keywords
subject: Akibat Hukum
  topic: keywords
subject: Birth Certificate
  topic: keywords
subject: Children Outside Marriage
  topic: keywords
subject: Legal Consequences
  topic: keywords
creator: Mahenrawan Achmad
creator: Andi Risma
creator: Muhammad Ya'rif Arifin
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Mahenrawan Achmad, Andi Risma, Muhammad Ya'rif Arifin https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
date: 2026-03-30
publication date: 2026-03-30
starting page: 1
ending page: 10
doi: 10.56087/vn7pf106

When Goods Are Defective, Should Sellers Be Relieved of Liability in E-Commerce?
type: item
description: Abstrak: Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menjelaskan dan mengenalisis tanggung jawab penjual terhadap risiko kerusakan atau kehilangan barang dalam transaksi e-commerce, serta untuk mengkaji faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi tanggungjawab penjual terhadap resiko kerusakan atau kehilangan dalam transaksi e-commerce menurut perspektif Hukum Perdata. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah penelitian hukum Normatif. Kabaharuan dari penelitian ini terletak pada fokus penelitiannya terhadap resiko kerusakan ataupun kehilangan ketika melakukan transaksi di e-commerce serta mengkaji lebih dalam terkait dengan faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi tanggung jawab penjual dalam melakukan transaksi e-commerce. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa tanggung jawab penjual dalam transaksi e-commerce pada prinsipnya didasarkan pada ketentuan perjanjian antara pihak, ketentuan Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Perdata, Undang-Undang Perlindungan Konsumen, serta kebijakan platform e-commerce yang digunakan.Penjual wajib menyerahkan barang dalam keadaan baik dan sesuai kesepakatan. Apabila barang rusak atau hilang sebelum diterima pembeli ,maka penjual pada umumnya tetap bertanggung jawab memberikan ganti rugi berupa penggantian barang atau pemgembalian dana . Faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi tanggung jawab penjual antara lain perjanjian atau kesepakatan para pihak, penggunaan jasa pengiriman, sistem pembayaran, ketentuan platform e-commerce, asas itikad baik, serta ketentuan hukum perdata dan perlindungan konsumen yang belaku. Kesimpulannya bahwa . Pelaku usaha bertanggung jawab memberikan ganti rugi atas kerusakan atau kehilangan, pencemaran, dan/atau kerugian konsumen akibat mengkonsumsi barang dan/atau jasa yang dihasilkan atau diperdagangkan. Serta terdapat beberapa factor yang mempengaruhi tanggung jawa penjual mulai dari perjanjian para pihak, waktu peralihan risiko, peran jasa pengiriman, karakteristik barang, ketentuan peraturan perundang-undangan, kebijakan platform e-commerce, hingga itikad bai…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Penjual E-Commerce
  topic: keywords
subject: Risiko Kerusakan Barang
  topic: keywords
subject: Hukum Perdata
  topic: keywords
subject: E-Commerce Seller
  topic: keywords
subject: Risk of Damage Goods
  topic: keywords
subject: Private Law
  topic: keywords
creator: Khaerunnissa Jaura Rahman
creator: Hasnan Hasbi
creator: Imran Eka Saputra
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Khaerunnisa Jaura Rahman, Hasnan Hasbi, Imran Eka Saputra https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
date: 2026-03-31
publication date: 2026-03-31
starting page: 1
ending page: 12
doi: 10.56087/atazx184

From Inactive to Inaccessible: Legal Protection of Dormant Accounts in the Banking System
type: item
description: Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian hukun normatif dengan pendekatan perundang-undangan dan konseptual. Bahan hukum yang digunakan terdiri atas bahan hukum primer, sekunder, dan tersier yang dianalisis secara preskriptif untuk menjelaskan ketentuan hukum yang berlaku serta memberikan argumentasi dan rekomendasi normatif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan pengaturan pemblokiran rekening nasabah di Indonesia belum dirumuskan secara eksplisit dan komprehensif dalam satu ketentuan khusus, melainkan tersebar dalam berbagai ketentuan yang bersifat umum, terutama terkait prinsip kehati-hatian dan rezim pencegahan tindak pidana keuangan. Absennya pengaturan yang secara jelas mengatur kewajiban, prosedur, dan batas waktu pemblokiran menyebabkan perlindungan hukum preventif terhadap nasabah menjadi lemah dan berpotensi menimbulkan ketidakpastian bagi nasabah dalam mengakses dananya. Perlindungan hukum setelah pemblokiran pada dasarnya bersifat represif, melalui mekanisme pengaduan, reaktivasi rekening, dan upaya hukum perdata. Namun tanpa fondasi preventif yang jelas dan tegas, perlindungan represif tersebut belum sepenuhnya menjamin kepastian hukum dan keseimbangan kedudukan antara bank dan nasabah. Rekomendasi penelitian ini menekankan perlunya Otoritas Jasa Keuangan meningkatkan efektivitas penerapan POJK Nomor 24 Tahun 2025 tentang Pengelolaan Rekening pada Bank Umum, khususnya terkait kewajiban pemberitahuan, standar rekening dormant, dan prosedur reaktivasi rekening, serta mendorong perbankan untuk menerapkan kebijakan pemblokiran dengan tetap menjunjung prinsip kehati-hatian, transparansi, dan perlindungan konsumen. Abstract: This study aims to examine and analyze the legal regulations governing the blocking of customer accounts by banks, as well as the forms of legal protection provided for dormant customer accounts after they have been blocked by banks. This research is normative legal research with a legislative and conceptual approach. The legal materials used consist o…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Perlindungan hukum
  topic: keywords
subject: pemblokiran rekening bank
  topic: keywords
subject: rekening dormant
  topic: keywords
subject: legal protection
  topic: keywords
subject: bank account blocking
  topic: keywords
subject: dormant account
  topic: keywords
creator: Muhammad Dzakwan Dzaputra
creator: Mohammad Arif
creator: Tri Abriana Ma'ruf
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Muhammad Dzakwan Dzaputra, Mohammad Arif, Tri Abriana Ma'ruf https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
date: 2026-03-26
publication date: 2026-03-26
starting page: 1
ending page: 11
doi: 10.56087/hzmejg73

Civil Liability of the Government for Accidents Resulting from Road Damage
type: item
description: Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis implementasi tanggung jawab perdata Pemerintah Kabupaten Bulukumba terhadap kecelakaan lalu lintas akibat kerusakan jalan, serta mengidentifikasi kendala yang dihadapi dalam pelaksanaannya. Infrastruktur jalan sebagai fasilitas publik memiliki peran vital dalam menjamin keselamatan pengguna jalan. Namun, kondisi sebagian ruas jalan di Kabupaten Bulukumba belum memenuhi standar kelayakan, sehingga berpotensi menimbulkan kecelakaan lalu lintas dan kerugian bagi masyarakat. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kualitatif dengan pendekatan yuridis sosiologis, yaitu mengkaji hukum sebagai norma dan sebagai praktik dalam masyarakat. Data primer diperoleh melalui wawancara dengan pejabat Dinas Pekerjaan Umum dan Tata Ruang Kabupaten Bulukumba, Satuan Lalu Lintas Polres Bulukumba, korban kecelakaan, serta akademisi dan praktisi hukum. Data sekunder diperoleh dari peraturan perundang-undangan, literatur ilmiah, dan dokumen resmi yang berkaitan dengan pemeliharaan jalan dan keselamatan lalu lintas. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa implementasi tanggung jawab perdata pemerintah daerah belum terlaksana secara optimal. Pemerintah Kabupaten Bulukumba telah melakukan pemeliharaan jalan secara rutin dan insidental serta koordinasi dengan pihak kepolisian, namun pelaksanaannya masih terkendala keterbatasan anggaran, prosedur birokrasi, dan faktor teknis sehingga tindak lanjut perbaikan sering terlambat. Selain itu, pemerintah daerah belum menyediakan mekanisme ganti rugi secara langsung bagi korban kecelakaan, sehingga korban pada umumnya diarahkan untuk mengajukan klaim kepada Jasa Raharja. Dari aspek hukum, masyarakat mengalami kesulitan dalam menuntut pertanggungjawaban perdata pemerintah akibat sulitnya pembuktian hubungan sebab-akibat dan keterbatasan akses terhadap mekanisme hukum, yang menimbulkan kesenjangan antara kewajiban hukum pemerintah dan praktik di lapangan.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: government civil liability
  topic: keywords
subject: road damage
  topic: keywords
subject: traffic accident
  topic: keywords
subject: tanggung jawab perdata pemerintah
  topic: keywords
subject: kerusakan jalan
  topic: keywords
subject: , kecelakaan lalu lintas, keselamatan jalan
  topic: keywords
creator: Andi Baso Maulana
creator: Lauddin Marsuni
creator: Satrih Hasyim
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Andi Baso Maulana, Lauddin Marsuni, Satrih hasyim https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
date: 2026-02-24
publication date: 2026-02-24
starting page: 1
ending page: 10
doi: 10.56087/gesx8x07

Cheap Smoke, Lives at Stake: Exposing the Weakness of Consumer Protection Against Illegal Cigarettes in Makassar
type: item
description: Penelitian ini bertujuan Untuk mengetahui dan menganalisis perlindungan hukum terhadap konsumen dari peredaran rokok ilegal di Kota Makassar serta untuk mengetahui dan menganalisis upaya pemerintah dalam hal pencegahan peredaran rokok ilegal di Kota Makassar. Penelitian ini menggunakan penelitian hukum empiris, yang dimaksud dengan penelitian empiris adalah yakni suatu metode penelitian hukum yang berfungsi untuk melihat hukum dalam artian nyata dan meneliti bagaimana kerjanya hukum di lingkungan Masyarakat. Dengan penelitian tersebut, maka penulis dalam penyusunan penelitian ini lebih mengarahkan pada pengkajian fakta-fakta yang terdapat di lapangan terkait Perlindungan hukum konsumen terhadap konsumen peredaran rokok ilegal di Kota Makassar.Hasil Penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa Perlindungan hukum terhadap konsumen rokok ilegal di Kota Makassar belum efektif karena rendahnya kesadaran konsumen, keterbatasan informasi dimana konsumen disini kurang mengetahui tentang apa itu cukai dan bagaimana akibat mengomsumsi rokok yang tanpa cukai atau illegal, dan lemahnya implementasi Undang-Undang Perlindungan Konsumen. Konsumen memilih rokok ilegal karena harga murah tanpa memperhatikan risiko kesehatan, Upaya pemerintah melalui Bea Cukai telah dilakukan melalui penindakan dan edukasi, namun terkendala sumber daya, koordinasi, dan teknologi pengawasan.Rekomendasi penelitian Pemerintah dalam hal Bea Cukai Kota Makassar disarankan meningkatkan edukasi publik tentang risiko rokok ilegal, memperkuat pengawasan berbasis partisipasi masyarakat, serta meningkatkan koordinasi, sumber daya, dan pemanfaatan teknologi pengawasan untuk mendorong pencegahan peredaran rokok ilegal yang lebih efektif dan melindungi kesehatan masyarakat serta perekonomian negara. Abstract: This study aims to identify and analyze the legal protection of consumers against the circulation of illegal cigarettes in Makassar City and to examine government efforts in preventing the distribution of illegal cigaret…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Legal Protection
  topic: keywords
subject: Illegal Cigarrete Circulation
  topic: keywords
subject: Consumerism Law
  topic: keywords
creator: muhammad Jalil
creator: Dwi Handayani
creator: Rustan Rustan
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 muh jalil, dwihandayani, rustan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
date: 2026-02-28
publication date: 2026-02-28
starting page: 1
ending page: 10
doi: 10.56087/y9zvnv72

Marriage Dispensation Justifies the Exploitation of Underage Marriage
type: item
description: Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pelaksanaan dispensasi kawin yang menitikberatkan pada pertimbangan hakim terkait penerapan prinsip kepentingan terbaik bagi anak serta faktor-faktor yang memengaruhi dikabulkannya permohonan dispensasi kawin. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah metode penelitian hukum empiris. Penelitian ini menawarkan kebaruan dengan menampilkan data terbaru mengenai dispensasi kawin serta mengungkap adanya perubahan sosial, yaitu pergeseran inisiatif pengajuan dispensasi yang tidak lagi didominasi oleh orang tua, melainkan berasal dari anak sebagai pemohon. Fenomena ini merupakan temuan yang relatif baru dan masih jarang dibahas dalam penelitian sebelumnya. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa prinsip kepentingan terbaik bagi anak sebagai dasar utama dalam memutus permohonan dispensasi kawin dengan mempertimbangkan aspek kesehatan, psikologis, keberlanjutan pendidikan, dan perlindungan terhadap janin serta pertimbangan hubungan kedekatan para pemohon. Disamping faktor kehamilan di luar perkawinan, pertimbangan hakim juga dipengaruhi oleh faktor sosial dan budaya, seperti tekanan keluarga, stigma sosial, praktik perkawinan dini yang mengakar, serta pergeseran inisiatif pengajuan dispensasi. Hasil ini mengindikasikan adanya perbedaan praktik yang terjadi di UPTD PPA yang cenderung menempatkan kehamilan di luar nikah sebagai pertimbangan utama dalam pemberian surat rekomendasi nikah. Penelitian ini menyarankan agar hakim dan UPTD PPA dalam menangani perkara dispensasi kawin lebih memprioritaskan kepentingan terbaik bagi anak dengan memperhatikan dampak jangka panjang serta perlindungan terhadap janin jika terjadi kehamilan. Selain itu, diperlukan penjelasan yang lebih jelas mengenai kriteria “alasan mendesak” agar masyarakat memahami dasar pemberian dispensasi kawin dan dapat mencegah terjadinya perkawinan yang dipaksakan terhadap anak. Abstract This study aims to determine the implementation of marriage dispensation that focuses on the ju…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Dispensasi Kawin
  topic: keywords
subject: Perkawinan Anak Dibawah Umur
  topic: keywords
subject: Prinsip Kepentingan Terbaik Bagi Anak
  topic: keywords
subject: Marriage Dispensation
  topic: keywords
subject: Underage Marriage
  topic: keywords
subject: Best Interests of the Child Principle
  topic: keywords
creator: Resky Mutiarani Gazali
creator: Nurhaedah Nurhaedah
creator: Sahban Sahban
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 RESKY MUTIARANI GAZALI, Nurhaedah, Sahban https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
date: 2026-03-10
publication date: 2026-03-10
starting page: 1
ending page: 12
doi: 10.56087/8jec7678

Comparison of the Effectiveness of the Roles of Land Deed Officials and Sub-District Heads in Land Registration in East Luwu Regency
type: item
description: Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji dua hal utama, pertama untuk mengetahui dan mempelajari perbedaan peran serta tanggung jawab antara PPAT dan Camat dalam hal pendaftaran tanah dan yang kedua untuk mengetahui dan menganalisis efektivitas peran dari Pejabat Pembuat Akta Tanah dan Camat dalam hal pendaftaran tanah di kabupaten Luwu Timur. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode penelitian empiris. Lokasi penelitian dilakukan di kantor PPAT dan kantor kecamatan Malili di Kabupaten Luwu Timur. Data yang digunakan terdiri dari data primer dan data sekunder yang diperoleh melaui teknik wawancara. Seluruh data yang terkumpul dianalisis secara kuantitatif dengan menggabungkan data primer dan data skunder dari wawancara sehingga dapat ditarik kesimpulan yang akurat mengenai hasil penelitian ini. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa PPAT dan Camat memiliki peran berbeda namun saling melengkapi dalam pendaftaran tanah. PPAT berwenang penuh membuat akta otentik, sementara Camat diberikan kewenangan terbatas. Efektivitas keduanya berpengaruh terhadap kepastian hukum, sehingga peningkatan kapasitas dan fasilitas sangat diperlukan untuk mendukung kelancaran dan legalitas transaksi tanah. Rekomendasi Penelitian Untuk meningkatkan efektivitas PPAT dan Camat dalam menjamin kepastian hukum, diperlukan pelatihan rutin, penyediaan fasilitas teknologi, serta penegasan batas kewenangan Abstrak : Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji dua hal utama, pertama untuk mengetahui dan mempelajari perbedaan peran serta tanggung jawab antara PPAT dan Camat dalam hal pendaftaran tanah dan yang kedua untuk mengetahui dan menganalisis efektivitas peran dari Pejabat Pembuat Akta Tanah dan Camat dalam hal pendaftaran tanah di kabupaten Luwu Timur. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode penelitian empiris. Lokasi penelitian dilakukan di kantor PPAT dan kantor kecamatan Malili di Kabupaten Luwu Timur. Data yang digunakan terdiri dari data primer dan data sekunder yang diperoleh melaui teknik wawancara. Seluruh …
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Perbandingan efektivitas
  topic: keywords
subject: Peran PPAT
  topic: keywords
subject: Pendaftaran tanah
  topic: keywords
subject: PPAT's Roles
  topic: keywords
subject: Comparison of Effectiveness
  topic: keywords
subject: Land Registration
  topic: keywords
creator: Andi Setio Nugraha Syamsuddin
creator: Yuli Adha Hamzah
creator: Farah Syah Reza
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Andi Setio Nugraha Syamsuddin, Ilham Abbas, Yuli Adha Hamzah https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
date: 2025-12-12
publication date: 2025-12-12
starting page: 1
ending page: 16
doi: 10.56087/t3vf0a71

Juridical Review of the Role of the Makassar Heritage Hall in Issuing Certificates of Inheritance
type: item
description: This study aims to analyze the legal force of the certificate of inheritance issued by the Balai Harta Peninggalan (Inheritance Affairs Office) in Makassar City, as well as the responsibilities of the office regarding the issuance of such certificates. The research employs a normative juridical method with legislative, conceptual, and case study approaches. The data used consist of primary, secondary, and tertiary legal materials, which are analyzed qualitatively. The results show that the certificate of inheritance issued by the Inheritance Affairs Office holds legal validity as long as it meets the requirements stipulated in the applicable laws and regulations. However, in practice, the implementation of this authority encounters several challenges, including inconsistencies in data that may affect the legitimacy of the certificate. Furthermore, the Inheritance Affairs Office bears full responsibility for ensuring the accuracy and validity of the information used as the basis for issuing the certificate, including being held accountable in cases of disputes arising from the issued documents. The recommendation of this study is to contribute to strengthening the understanding of the role and responsibilities of the Inheritance Affairs Office within the Indonesian inheritance law system. Abstrak : Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis kekuatan hukum surat keterangan waris yang diterbitkan oleh Balai Harta Peninggalan di Kota Makassar, serta tanggung jawab lembaga tersebut dalam penerbitan surat keterangan tersebut. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode yuridis normatif dengan pendekatan perundang-undangan, konseptual, dan studi kasus. Data yang digunakan terdiri atas bahan hukum primer, sekunder, dan tersier, yang dianalisis secara kualitatif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa surat keterangan waris yang diterbitkan oleh Balai Harta Peninggalan memiliki kekuatan hukum sepanjang memenuhi persyaratan yang ditetapkan dalam peraturan perundang-undangan yang berlaku. …
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Certificate of Inheritance
  topic: keywords
subject: Inheritance Rights
  topic: keywords
subject: Legal Responsibility
  topic: keywords
subject: Sertifikat Warisan
  topic: keywords
subject: Hak Waris
  topic: keywords
subject: Hak legalitas
  topic: keywords
creator: Andi Muhammad Fikri Ramadani Andi Nganro
creator: La Ode Husen
creator: Dian Eka Pusvita Azis
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Andi Muhammad Fikri Ramadani Andi Nganro, La Ode Husen, Muhammad Zulkifli Muhdar https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
date: 2025-10-28
publication date: 2025-10-28
starting page: 1
ending page: 10
doi: 10.56087/27r26380

Protecting the Unprotected: A Legal Analysis of Guardianship for Underage Orphans
type: item
description: This study aims to analyze the guardianship of orphans who are still minors from the perspective of positive law in Indonesia. Orphans who have lost both parents need legal protection, especially in terms of guardianship arrangements that function to ensure the welfare and rights of the child. In this case, guardianship is an important aspect to provide a sense of security for children who need legal guidance, especially in determining who is responsible for fulfilling the child's living and educational needs. This study uses a normative research method, with an approach to relevant laws and regulations, as well as a literature study involving primary and secondary legal materials such as laws, literature, and related journals. This analysis also includes various regulations regarding child guardianship in Indonesian positive law, especially those regulating the status of orphans who have not reached adulthood. The results of the study show that in Indonesian positive law, guardianship of orphans is regulated in Law No. 23 of 2002 concerning Child Protection and Law No. 1 of 1974 concerning Marriage. The process of guardianship of orphans aims to provide custody to the person who is considered most worthy, either from the family or other parties who can provide the best protection for the child. However, in practice, there are still various obstacles, such as the lack of public understanding of the rights of orphans and weak supervision of the implementation of guardianship. Therefore, it is necessary to increase legal awareness in the community and strengthen the role of the state in supervising the guardianship of orphans.The recommendation from this study is to increase understanding of the guardianship rights of orphans and strengthen the implementation of legal protection for children, through education and closer cooperation between related institutions. Abstrak: Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis perwalian anak yatim piatu yang masih di bawah umur da…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Guardianship
  topic: keywords
subject: Underage Children
  topic: keywords
subject: Orphan Protection
  topic: keywords
subject: Anak Yatim Piatu
  topic: keywords
subject: Anak Di Bawah Umur
  topic: keywords
subject: Perlindungan Anak Yatim Piatu
  topic: keywords
creator: Aisyah Fadilah
creator: Muhammad Rinaldy Bima
creator: Jasmaniar Jasmaniar
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Aisyah Fadilah, Muhammad Rinaldy Bima, Asriati Asriati https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
date: 2026-01-05
publication date: 2026-01-05
starting page: 1
ending page: 16
doi: 10.56087/m52wbq07

The Existence Of Customary Leaders in Land Dispute Resolution
type: item
description: This study aims to determine and analyze the existence of the Tu'a Golo traditional figure in resolving land disputes in the indigenous people of Boleng District, Manggarai Bara Regency, East Nusa Tenggara. To determine and understand the factors that influence the resolution of land disputes in the Tu'a Golo traditional figure in the indigenous people of Boleng District. This study uses an empirical legal research type. The location of the research is in the Customary Law area of ​​Boleng District, West Manggarai Regency, East Nusa Tenggara Province. The types and sources of data are Primary and Secondary Data obtained through interview and documentation techniques, then qualitative analysis is carried out. The results of the study show that the existence of the traditional figure Tu'a Golo in the process of resolving land disputes in the traditional community of Boleng District, West Manggarai Regency, East Nusa Tenggara was resolved by Tu'a Golo as a traditional figure. The factors that influence the process of resolving land disputes in the traditional figure Tu'a Golo in the traditional community of Boleng District are internal factors from Tu'a Golo himself and external factors from the community. The recommendation of this study is that Tua Golo conduct socialization of the applicable customary law so that the community prioritizes resolving social and cultural problems through deliberation and consensus. As the customary leader or Hatoe Kampoh, Tu'a Golo always pays attention to his traditional community by being a fair mediator so that he is not influenced by any party. Abstract: This study aims to determine and analyze the existence of the Tu'a Golo traditional figure in resolving land disputes in the indigenous people of Boleng District, Manggarai Bara Regency, East Nusa Tenggara. To determine and understand the factors that influence the resolution of land disputes in the Tu'a Golo traditional figure in the indigenous people of Boleng District. This stud…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Land Dispute Resolution
  topic: keywords
subject: Traditional Community
  topic: keywords
subject: Customary Law
  topic: keywords
subject: Penyelesaian Sengkete Tanah
  topic: keywords
subject: Komunitas Tradisional
  topic: keywords
subject: Hukum Adat
  topic: keywords
creator: Ridwan Bustam
creator: Ilham Abbas
creator: Muhammad Zulkifli Muhdar
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Ridwan Bustam, Ilham Abbas, Muhammad Zulkifli Muhdar https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
date: 2025-10-14
publication date: 2025-10-14
starting page: 1
ending page: 13
doi: 10.56087/qf494765

Analysis Legal Impact of Cancellation Marriage in Religious Court
type: item
description: Study This aiming For knowing marital status second according to legislation in Indonesia and For know impact law cancellation marriage in religious courts . Research This use method study normative law , namely studies verdict . Research Results show that : first , according to positive law Polygamy allowed but very limited For protect rights women and children . Husband who wants polygamous must own legitimate reason , get​ permission from wife first , and submit application to religious court . Meanwhile , according to complications law Islam polygamy allowed with condition tight , especially dam matter applicable fair to wives and children . Second , the judge's considerations regarding impact law cancellation marriage in decision Number 586/ Rev.G /2022/ PA.Mks . Although marriage both of his parents canceled However decision the No applicable ebb to rights children and children still entitled get right inheritance towards his parents as well as if child born​ That women , then the father also has the right become guardian of his child's marriage .
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Polygamy
  topic: keywords
subject: Cancellation marriage
  topic: keywords
subject: Child Status
  topic: keywords
creator: Nurwana Aris
creator: Dachran Busthami
creator: Andi Nur Auliyah Asra
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Nurwana Aris, Dachran S. Busthami, , Andi Nur Auliyah Asra
date: 2025-04-15
publication date: 2025-04-15

Customary Land Law in the Mamberamo Community
type: item
description: This study is entitled Law on Customary Land in the Mamberamo Community, Especially the Warembori Village Community in Tanah Tabi, Papua Province. The main focus of this study is to examine the agrarian conflict between the Warembori Village and Yoke Village communities in Mamberamo Hilir District, as well as to analyze the mechanism of recognition and protection of customary rights of customary law communities in the area. This study uses a qualitative descriptive method with a case study approach. Data were obtained through interviews with traditional figures, community leaders, and parties involved in land disputes. In addition, secondary data was collected from legal documents such as Law Number 5 of 1960 and Papua Provincial Regulation Number 5 of 2022 The results of the study indicate that this agrarian conflict was caused by overlapping claims to customary land. In addition, there are still obstacles in the implementation of legal protection for indigenous peoples, especially in the administrative aspect of land registration. This study provides recommendations to improve the recognition and legal protection of customary land through clearer and more inclusive regulations.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Customary Rights
  topic: keywords
subject: Customary Land
  topic: keywords
subject: Customary Law Communities
  topic: keywords
subject: Agrarian Conflict
  topic: keywords
creator: Yan Pieth Rumaikewi
creator: Liani Sari
creator: Wahyudi Burhan
rights: Copyright (c) 0
date: 2025-04-08
publication date: 2025-04-08

Effectiveness Implementation Electronic Land Certificates In Preventing Land Mafia Practices
type: item
description: This study aims to examine and explain the effectiveness of implementing electronic land certificates in preventing land mafia practices, the factors influencing it, and to investigate the application of electronic land certificates in Pinrang Regency. The research employs an empirical legal research method, with the study conducted at the ATR/BPN Office in Pinrang Regency. Data were collected through interviews and literature studies, which were analyzed then qualitatively and descriptively. The findings indicate that the introduction of electronic land certificates significantly enhances transparency in land ownership, allowing the public easier access to information and thereby reducing the likelihood of fraud. Additionally, the study finds that a digitized and integrated land registration system can lead to a significant reduction in land disputes, particularly those triggered by land mafia activities. However, the research also highlights potential technical challenges and cybersecurity threats that could compromise the integrity of electronic certificates, emphasizing the need for robust security measures to protect against data breaches and fraud. Based on these findings, the study recommends the establishment of comprehensive cybersecurity protocols and public education initiatives to ensure that landowners and potential buyers can effectively verify the authenticity of electronic land certificates. Furthermore, it suggests that policymakers are prioritizing the digital transformation of land management systems to enhance efficiency and public participation in governance.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Electronic Certificates
  topic: keywords
subject: Land Mafia
  topic: keywords
subject: Land Registration
  topic: keywords
creator: Mutmainna Samad
creator: Fahri Bachmid
creator: Dwi Handayani
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Mutmainna Samad, Fahri Bachmid, Dwi Handayani
date: 2025-04-15
publication date: 2025-04-15

Analysis Unhealthy Business Competition in the Business Era Digital Based
type: item
description: The purpose of this research is to understand and analyze the regulation of unfair business practices in the digital business era in Indonesia, as well as the impact of unfair competition on innovation and business sustainability in the future. This research employs a normative research method, using primary and secondary legal materials obtained through literature and the analysis of books, journals, and cases, particularly those available on the internet, literature books, and laws. The research results indicate that unfair competition in Indonesia is regulated by the ITE Law No. 11 of 2008 and Law no. 5 of 1999, but there are still gaps in oversight, especially in the digital sector. The ITE Law focuses more on electronic transactions and personal data protection, while the Anti-Monopoly Law has not fully accommodated new challenges such as predatory pricing and market dominance by large platforms. As a result, unfair competition can lead to market monopolies, a decrease in MSME turnover, and future losses for consumers. The research recommendation is that the anti-monopoly law has been effective in reducing unfair competition in the digital sector, but the government needs to provide further support, especially regarding the limitations of the KPPU under the existing regulations, without disrupting existing industries. Also, to prevent the negative impacts of unfair competition, tighter oversight is necessary, especially in competition within the digital sector, such as e-commerce.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Business Competition
  topic: keywords
subject: Digital
  topic: keywords
creator: Aliah Latifah
creator: La Ode Husen
creator: Jasmaniar Jasmaniar
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Aliah Latifah, La Ode Husen, Jasmaniar Jasmaniar https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
date: 2025-04-15
publication date: 2025-04-15
doi: 10.56087/306nkc28

Food and Drug Monitoring Agency (BPOM) in Protection Consumer To Product Maintenance Skin
type: item
description: This study aims to determine and analyze the role of the BPOM (Indonesian National Agency of Drug and Food Control) in protecting consumers from skincare products containing mercury. It also aims to identify and analyze the legal actions taken by BPOM Makassar City against skincare products that do not meet quality standards. This research uses an empirical legal research method, which involves field data as the primary source, such as interviews and observations. The results of the study indicate: (1) The role of BPOM in providing consumer protection against the circulation of skincare products containing mercury by monitoring and supervising the circulation of skincare products in the market to ensure they do not contain harmful substances, implementing pre-market surveillance, conducting post-market surveillance, and inspecting skincare products circulating in the market. (2) The legal actions taken by BPOM against skincare products that do not meet quality standards include administrative sanctions and criminal sanctions. As recommendations: (1) The government needs to implement stricter supervision to better protect consumers from the use of cosmetics that do not have BPOM circulation permits. (2) There must be good cooperation between the government, BPOM, and law enforcement authorities in efforts to protect consumers from the circulation of cosmetics that do not meet the standards, through regular supervision of producers and business actors, as well as providing outreach to the public to raise awareness.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: BPOM's Role
  topic: keywords
subject: Consumer Protection
  topic: keywords
subject: Skincare
  topic: keywords
creator: Tritami Meldasari
creator: Hasbuddin Khalid
creator: Arfah Tjolleng
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Tritami Meldasari, Hasbuddin Khalid, Arfah Tjolleng
date: 2025-04-15
publication date: 2025-04-15

Position Permission Divorce for Civil Servants at the Class 1A Religious Court Office in Makassar
type: item
description: Study This aiming For know and understand mechanism submission permission for Civil servants who carry out divorce at the Class 1A Religious Court Office in Makassar. And for know and understand factor affecting​ submission permission for Civil servants who carry out divorce at the Class 1A Religious Court Office in Makassar. Research This use method study empirical that is a approach or method knowledge based​ observation direct , observation , and observation . Research results This show Civil servants who want to submit application permission divorce must with legitimate reasons​ to official authorized Then official authorized to form team advisory after That call second split party husband wife simultaneously or individually . Officials give advice to be able to harmony Back but if second split party or one of them party want to divorce so both of them must make statement want to divorce . The factors that influence submission permission divorce that is factor internal and external factors external . Recommendations given​ writer that is Firstly, civil servants at the Class 1A Religious Court in Makassar must own permission If want to carry out divorce . The second one give certainty law and sense of justice in take or emit permit decision letter divorce for civil servants.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: divorce
  topic: keywords
subject: civil servant
  topic: keywords
subject: religious court
  topic: keywords
creator: Muhammad Fadil Baharuddin
creator: Syahruddin Nawi
creator: Dian Eka Pusvita Aziza
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Muhammad Fadil Baharuddin, Syahruddin Nawi, Dian Eka Pusvita Aziza
date: 2025-04-15
publication date: 2025-04-15

Land Agency in Realizing a Systematic Land Registration Program Complete
type: item
description: Study This aiming For know the role of the National Land Agency in realize Systematic Land Registration Complete (PTSL) in Makassar City and find out obstacles faced by the National Land Agency in implementation Systematic Land Registration Complete (PTSL) in Makassar City. The research method used is method study empirical . The results of study This that is , to show role of the Land Agency in realizing the Systematic Land Registration program Complete in Makassar City , namely stage planning , determination location , preparation , formation and establishment committee adjudication Systematic Land Registration Complete (PTSL) and units assignments , counseling , collection of physical data and legal data , legal data research and proof rights , announcement of physical data and legal data as well as its ratification , confirmation conversion , recognition rights and grants rights , bookkeeping rights , publishing certificate right on land , documentation and handover results activity as well as reporting . Then , the obstacles faced by the Makassar City National Land Agency in realize Systematic Land Registration Complete that is moving domicile expert inheritance , letter information expert the heirs who have move domicile and sufficient registration process complex . Recommendations study This It is expected that the Makassar City Land Office will running a Systematic Land Registration program Complete (PTSL) in collaboration with public Give socialization so that speed up this program walk and give certainty law and protection law right on land public based on principle simple , cheap , fast , smooth , safe , fair , equitable and open as well as accountable , so that can increase welfare and prosperity society and the country's economy , as well as reduce and prevent disputes and conflicts land .
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: National Land Agency
  topic: keywords
subject: Systematic Land Registration Complete
  topic: keywords
creator: Alfiya Kautsar
creator: Anzar Anzar
creator: Nasrullah Arsyad
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Alfiya Kautsar fauzi muhammad, Anzar Anzar , Nasrullah Arsyad
date: 2025-04-14
publication date: 2025-04-14

Protection of Personal Data of Consumers Using Financial Technology Services
type: item
description: This research aims to examine and analyze legal provisions related to the protection of personal data of customers using financial technology services in Indonesian laws and regulations. Apart from that, this research also aims to compare the legal protection of consumer personal data in the regulations in force in Indonesia with the regulations in force in the United States. This research applies normative legal research methods. The data used comes from literature studies, including primary legal materials such as laws, Financial Services Authority Regulations (POJK), and Bank Indonesia Regulations (PBI), as well as secondary legal materials such as laws books and legal journals. The research results show that legal protection for the personal data of consumers using financial technology services in Indonesia has been regulated in Law Number 27 of 2022 concerning Personal Data Protection. This regulation reflects a progressive approach to law, which not only supports the use of technology but also provides protection for users to achieve legal certainty. Meanwhile, a comparison with regulations in the United States shows that personal data protection in the financial technology sector is based on the principle of “right to be alone” which is the main pillar of individual privacy. This principle emphasizes that privacy is a constitutional right of every citizen, as a form of respect and protection for this right.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Legal Protection
  topic: keywords
subject: Personal Data
  topic: keywords
subject: Comparative Studies
  topic: keywords
creator: Nurul Jaya Nugraha
creator: Andry Wikra Wardana Mamonto
creator: Muhammad Azham Ilham
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Nurul Jaya Nugraha, Andry Wikra Wardana Mamonto, Muhammad Azham Ilham
date: 2025-04-14
publication date: 2025-04-14

Legal Protection Against Buyer Good Faith in Implementation Execution of Mortgage Rights
type: item
description: This journal aims to analyze the implementation of execution seizure of mortgage rights related to good faith buyers, as well as the legal protection available to them. Using normative legal research methods, the data collected includes primary, secondary, and tertiary data, with a case study on. The results of the study indicate that execution seizure by the court does not harm legitimate buyers, who still have the right to ownership even though they transact with sellers who are not entitled. The decision emphasizes the importance of legal protection for good faith buyers in accordance with the provisions of the Civil Code and the circular of the Supreme Court. It is recommended that the sale and purchase of land rights be carried out before a PPAT and that banks be more careful in providing credit to reduce future risks, and agreements between the parties must be clearly drafted to ensure legal validity.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Legal Protection
  topic: keywords
subject: Good Faith Buyer
  topic: keywords
subject: Execution
  topic: keywords
subject: Mortgage Rights
  topic: keywords
creator: Dhiya Salsabila Jamaluddin Sasa
creator: Zainuddin Zainuddin
creator: Mohammad Arif
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Dhiya Salsabila Jamaluddin Sasa, Zainuddin Zainuddin, Mohammad Arif
date: 2025-04-14
publication date: 2025-04-14

Agreement on Providing Working Capital Credit
type: item
description: This study uses empirical legal research methods, empirical legal research is basically a combination of normative legal approaches with the addition of various empirical elements. In this empirical research method, it is also about the implementation of the legal provisions of the law in action in every particular legal research that occurs in society. The results of this study indicate that the procedure for granting Working Capital Credit (KMK) at PT. Bank Sulselbar Mamuju Branch is guided by the procedures and principles of providing sound credit and in accordance with applicable regulations. And the efforts made by Bank Sulselbar Mamuju in terms of overcoming debtors who default are by making efforts to save credit, this is considered very important for banks to avoid the occurrence of bad loans that can affect the soundness of the bank . The recommendation of this research is for creditors and debtors to further enhance their cooperation and compromise with each other so as to establish a more sustainable and effective agreement. In order for the implementation of working capital under the auspices of Bank Sulselbar Mamuju to run smoothly and each party does not suffer losses, the parties fulfill their respective rights and obligations where the debtor must be aware of his obligations.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Agreement
  topic: keywords
subject: Credit
  topic: keywords
subject: Working Capital
  topic: keywords
creator: Faradhilla Ayun Maesaroh Haris
creator: Ilham Abbas
creator: Muhammad Zulkifli Muhdar
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Faradhilla Ayun Maesaroh Haris, Ilham Abbas, Asriati Asriati
date: 2025-04-14
publication date: 2025-04-14