Crime or crime formally defined as behavior that violates social and legal norms criminal , contrary with human morals , as well as nature harm so that opposed by society . [1]
The era of democracy moment this is a problem in Indonesia crime has reach very disturbing level for society . Crime is symptom a very society bother tranquility , peace as well as calm society that should be disappeared from advance earth this . [2] However thus like as it is day and night , morning and afternoon, women and men , then crime the still will There is as completeness existence goodness , benevolence and so on .
In general economy , competition life is getting better widen canyon differences in social status economy somebody in society , which makes people feel stressed in a way mental and finally take road shortcut do act criminal theft , murder , rape and so on , because He want to life established in a way instant and fast get rich. [ 3 ] Likewise regarding the difficulty look for field work , make level crime the more tall Because the amount unemployment , pushing somebody For do criminal do act criminal murder , theft , rape , crime criminal special corruption , terrorism , narcotics and so on Because He want to own income .
Law no . 23 of 2022 which regulates about provision of Education, Psychology , Registration and permits , Services Psychology , rights and obligations for psychologist and Clients, organizations profession , coaching and supervision , role as well as society , and provision sanctions administrative . So the amount shape and type crime , then interesting For know What things that cause people to be able to do act crime . Since Formerly man try explain Why some people become criminals . The earliest explanation is a Demonology Model that considers that behavior criminal is results from influence spirit evil , then method For cure mental and behavioral disorders wicked is chase away spirit crime , usually done with a number of method torture , expel part the body that is considered evil ( eg. blood or part body others ). [4]
However in study Psychology Forensics , known a number of approach theoretical used For explain behavior crime : Criminology early (Cesare Lombroso), Psychoanalysis (Sigmund Freud), and Bioecological-Social Theory . Cesare Lombroso, decided that perpetrator crime Serious inherit characteristic criminal they and ' born as criminals ' or born criminals. They own strong jaws , teeth big , forehead protruding , and arms long . The perpetrator type This consists of from one third from all criminals , two thirds the rest are criminaloids ( offenders) small ) which sometimes do crime . [4]
Although assume that behavior criminal inherited , Lombroso also argued that factor environment can play role important in crime . He suspected that alcoholism , changes climate , and lack of education can cause crime .
Various type about existence factor mental health , such as crime kidnapping committed by a woman , crime theft or robbery certain , murder babies , rape , certain sex crimes , acts mischief and others That is violation related laws with health soul someone . [5] In an effort to overcome crimes committed somebody in public sometimes the enforcers law Not yet capable get maximum results , for example with existence related cases with inspection mental health or soul from perpetrator , witness or interested parties with case the No give accurate information or in layman 's language information the No in accordance with the real He know .
In the Qur'an Surah Al An'am Verse 82, Allah SWT says . Translation , believers and non- believers mix up faith they with polytheism , they those are the people who get a sense of security and they get instruction .
In verse This is what Allah SWT gives explanation who has the right get protection of polytheists or people who believe The answer of course believers with for real faith and not mix stir it up faith they with injustice , good in creed and also in worship such as done by polytheists who think even if they worship idol or the stars , they still believe in also Allah is Almighty Jalla , because they worship idols That is as tool For get closer self to God and as intermediary For convey prayer to Him. This verse own connection with motivation and decision making decision someone , in psychology motivation individual For performing certain actions is greatly influenced by values and beliefs them . This verse emphasize importance follow guidance from Allah SWT that can affect the decision-making process decision individual in context face temptation For commit a criminal act .
From the description about a number of type act crimes committed by the perpetrator crime , can known that act criminal means a the act of being punished law criminal . The perpetrator can is said to be the “ subject ” of action criminal law . In law criminal subjective (ius peonale ) is right from ruler For threatening a criminal to a behavior in demand as outlined in law criminal objective , conduct investigation , dropping criminal , and obligatory convict For carry out the punishment imposed . [6 ]
Speak about subject act criminal , mind furthermore directed to form action act criminal . Form from action act This first of all must seen from the formulators act criminal in articles certain from regulation criminal law . Formulation This in Dutch called delicts- omschrijving . For example , in act criminal theft , act formulated as take goods . [7] This is a formulation formally , that is , really mentioned in form a certain movement from the human body . On the contrary formulation in a way material load mention a deep consequences Article 338 of the Criminal Code is formulated as result in the death of another person. Difference formal and material formulation No means that in formal formulation no There is a consequence as element act criminal . Also in act formal criminal law always There is the consequences which are reason threatened punishment criminal . Consequences This is a loss for the interests of others or interests of the State.
According to Kins Zulkarnain the law criminal subjective is state rights and tools the equipment For punish based on the rules that have been determined in law criminal objective or punishment from the country when the rules that are determined are violated . According to Bambang Poernomo, the law criminal subjective (ius puniendi ) includes law in give threat criminal , determine criminal , and carry out the criminal charges imposed to the state and officials . [8]
In action criminal of course often associated with with problem maturity emotional , psychological and responsibility answer . A psychologist , may said individual those who do act criminal is those who still not enough have a sense of responsibility answer in behave , less mature , and tend to do action on will self myself . This is very different with individual who can control emotional , who has a sense of responsibility Responsibility and tendency on interest general . [9]
Murder is one of form act regulated crime in regulation Indonesian legislation . Murder can happen Good Because planned and also No planned . Action Criminal Murder set up in the old Criminal Code (KUHP) which is still applicable until now and Article 458 paragraph (1) of Law No. 1 of 2023 concerning the new Criminal Code which is valid for 3 years since date enacted , (1) namely 2026 article 338 which reads " Whoever with on purpose to seize other people's lives , threatened Because murder with criminal imprisonment for a maximum of fifteen year . [10] Then basically , the murder that followed , was accompanied by or preceded by a action regulated criminal law in Article 339 of the old Criminal Code which has arrived moment This Still applicable reads : " Murder followed , accompanied or preceded by a action criminal acts , which are committed with Meaning For prepare or make it easier its implementation , or For release self Alone and also participant other from criminal in matter caught hand , or For ensure mastery the goods he obtained in a way oppose law , threatened with criminal prison lifelong life or during time certain , maximum twenty years ". Furthermore , in Law No. 1 of 2023 concerning the new Criminal Code which is valid for 3 years since date enacted , (2) namely 2026. Murder committed in a way planned or Then more known as murder planning , and doubt for the perpetrator Already set up in the Criminal Code (KUHP) Article 340 which reads " Whoever with intentionally and with plan moreover formerly to seize other people's lives , threatened Because murder with plan , with criminal dead or criminal prison lifelong life or during time certain , maximum twenty years ”. Furthermore, Law No. 1 of 2023 concerning the new Criminal Code which is valid for 3 years since date enacted , namely 2026 With threat punishment until lifelong life even punishment dead , shows that murder planning is act very serious crime and prosecuted strictly by regulation existing legislation .
Crime case a lot of murder happen mature This often become news public . Someone who does crime murder driven by several factor . In the case of crime murder planning , usually candidate murderer Already know Who potential victims who will murdered . Trigger factor the occurrence crime murder the is conflict socio- emotional caused Because somebody feel disappointed , hurt heart , or grudge against others. [11] With extreme way , feeling disappointed , hurt heart , or feud This vented with method kill potential victims who cause feelings the appears . There is various aspect psychological that can influential to act criminal like murder . Based on the data found in the study previous Amount case murder in the city Makassar in 2019 there were 22 cases then in 2020 there were 10 cases and in 2021 there were 24 cases .
So from that , is very important know dynamics psychology and factors that can push individual do action criminal very much important . This is Then can become material consideration in determine design intervention for suspects , and do step preventive use lower number act criminals who tend to increase from year to year .
Based on description background behind problem mentioned above so formulated problem as room scope discussion in study This namely ; Is factor affecting motivation perpetrator act criminal murder ? How? method psychologist understand the motive behind behavior perpetrator act criminal murder ?
Types of research This is study empirical , namely study with the existence of field data as primary data sources , such as results interview . Research law used For analyze law seen as behavior patterned society in life society that always interact and relate in aspect society . The goal For see direct and collect information about the case under study .
Based on the results interview deep to some people involved with title writer , seen that of course There is a number of factor affecting motivation perpetrator act criminal the murder that happened This is being held in the Class I Penitentiary of Makassar City. The factors the based on results interview the author do found information as following :
Factors within Criminology That it is said factors that arise so that cause desire somebody For do crime , there is internal and external factors that drive somebody For do murder :
Internal factors are driving factors so that perpetrator do action criminal originating from from in himself myself , [12] This is relate with psychic perpetrator Where perpetrator tend experience disturbance emotional , as we know that everyone has quality different psychic and personality different , perpetrator murder based on theory characteristic personality can seen from method He act up behavior that tends to leads to a temperamental and prone personality deviate from mark value , based on mental theory exists type expression deviate from perpetrator , first is Psychopath a number of circles public Already often hear designation this , psychopath is similar disturbance mental health light because people with disturbance This Still Can think as well as life as normal human mental illness called as psychopathy . A Psychiatrist named Hervey Cleckey view psychopathy as a disease from in self someone serious even in sufferers No seen sick , according to him , psychopaths looks normal but Actually That just a "mask of sanity" or a mask of sanity . need it should also be remembered that No everyone who has emotion No stable or temperament can it is said as psychopath . the next internal factor can in the form of instability emotional that is not can controlled with Good so that can cause an act that is not wanted fast angry and make crime , if We jump direct to environment public there is Lots case murder based on existence feud or emotions that are not controlled , revenge is also often it is said as Sick heart that is kind of pressure inner in a way emotional need a act which distribution if in a way Keep going continuously turbulent in mind and heart often perpetrator in matter This channel it with behavior criminal , basically feud This is a trigger in self somebody For do a “ revenge ” aimed at reply ( in matter bad ) destroys others because there is a problem so that cause pattern think which negative thing this is also one of the factor existence motivation perpetrator .
External Factors , External factors in matter This is a encouragement or motivation comes from outside self someone , some among them is : [13]
Based on results interview by one of inmates of Class I Penitentiary in Makassar City said just His name is “MF”. The perpetrator act criminal murder sentenced punishment Article 340 Murder plan in 2022 to recognize that F is in an environment that provides opportunity crime . Influence environment participate influential big to the emergence various form criminal like murder , cause perpetrator the confess often to witness case case murder around it , such as stabbing and crime other crimes , so that for him murder is something non - taboo things , environment very much important For to form personality perpetrator for example is If there is a person who is placed in two different environments , one be in an environment that provides opportunity crime big and the other one Again be in an environment that is not give opportunity crime , then there is trend individuals who are in an environment that has opportunity crime become killer , on the other hand individuals in the environment Good tend No to have a heart consequence No existence chance For do wicked .
Socializing in matter This is a process of interaction carried out by individuals another individual or can in the form of group , factor socializing this is very important Because tend influence How characteristic or personal a perpetrator That formed If a individual placed in socializing Good so trend do and will low , different with If a individual placed in an inappropriate social circle Good so individual will infected with inappropriate behavior Good but in matter this will also turn around to self individual it's each their own whether want to carried away current or no . From the results interview author , MF says that he was very affected even with case This He confess that which becomes brain from crime This is his CS and he also said moment That currently be under influence drink hard .
One of the strongest underlying factor behind act criminal murder is because of economic motives . Even capable to cut off ties family or fading emotions connected proximity between existing personal . Economic factors tend make perpetrator crazy and not Again view feathers . Including when Finally family or the closest person Can become a victim. Usually cases included in factor economy such as debts , assets inheritance , theft and so on . As expressed by MF , what becomes reason they For kill the victim because tempted by one of the sites he found on google chrome that says will pay 1.5 M if donate kidney matter This is what becomes factor main Why He do murder Because factor economy .
Listening results interview as outlined above , can summarized that factor external reason the occurrence act criminal murder in Makassar City is a factor environment , factors economy , and factors association . Some factor the in accordance with theory criminology by Bonger who stated factor external reason act criminal murder is , abandoned children misery , and war . Although No fully theory criminology by Bonger same with factor reason the murder that occurred in the city of Makassar, but factors between theory criminology by Bonger and the results interview on what happened in the field own relatedness One each other, one of them factor Environment socializing very much influential to development somebody especially in the context cultural or context culture environment a person and is influenced by many things pressure the association of all give a pressing and coercive influence on the formation behavior bad all of them it was at the beginning Because abandoned children and lack of parental attention . If observed , will seen clear importance influence environment public Where child That stay to the emergence crime . next is factor misery that is is factor reason murder Because condition low economy according to Boonger Crime Rate will the more increase when condition life public the more difficult marked with the rise price need main and factors regional become reason the occurrence murder Because existence a difference and not want to For blend in so that each group feels selfish area Where when one of them do error will trigger the occurrence war that can resulting in death .
Apart from the factors that influence Motivation Perpetrator Action Criminal Murder , following This is method psychologist understand the motive behind behavior perpetrator act criminal murder based on from results interview writer at the Indonesian Institute of Psychology Potential Power (Bureau of Psychology and Human Resources). [14]
Approach psychological
Psychology is the science that studies about human behavior and mental processes . Psychology covers various aspect like emotions , thoughts , motivation , perception , and interactions social . With understand psychology , we can more understand self yourself and others, and can help in overcome problem psychological that may be experienced someone . Based on results interview the author do with a psychologist forensics he say that the first one will be he do is inspection psychology For build profile psychologically , from aspect pattern he thought , from aspect his intellectual whether finally his motive do One form act criminal murder , what is the background whether of course from aspect his personality or whether of course from taking his decision was not consider or of course easy emotional so that Finally perpetrator direct take the decision that was previously No want to kill until Finally there are victims though in the process he say that a psychologist No will do technique interrogation as is common done party police , he say that he will still do in accordance with technique psychology that is indeed still they is man so that of course perpetrator need understood very clearly in such great detail that taking in conclusion No there is bias.
Factors to consider
A psychologist in understand perpetrator act criminal murder must consider a number of factors , including : [15]
Mental and emotional conditions perpetrator : Psychologist need understand mental and emotional conditions the perpetrator , is it There is mental disorder or emotional that may be influence behavior perpetrator .
Life history perpetrator : Psychologist need to browse history life perpetrators , including experience traumatic or possible violence influence behavior perpetrator .
Motivation perpetrator : Psychologist need understand what drives perpetrator For do act criminal murder , is it there are certain motives that become the driving force .
Environment social perpetrators : Psychologists also need notice environment social perpetrators , including connection with family , friends and environment around the possible influence behavior perpetrator .
With consider the above factors , a psychologist can more understand perpetrator act criminal murder and giving appropriate handling .
Work The same with enforcer law
Work The same between psychologist and law enforcer law is very important in handle cases laws involving aspect psychological . Psychologist can help enforcer law in do evaluation psychological to suspect , victim, or witness For understand mental and emotional conditions they .
Work The same This can help enforcer law in make more decisions Good based on information provided by experts psychology . In addition , psychologists can also help in give support psychological to the victim or possible witnesses experiencing trauma due to the incident that they experience .
With Thus , work The same between psychology and law enforcement law can increase effectiveness enforcement law and provide more protection Good to public .
As for the analysis writer to results interview about How Psychologist Understanding the Motives Behind Behavior Perpetrator Action Criminal Murder . First about approach psychological , based on what has been explained by Mrs. Sitti Annisa M Harusi , M.Psi . that psychologist using interrogation techniques in accordance with existing interrogation techniques in psychology with do in -depth approach with the perpetrator , the second factor psychological that is consider competence from perpetrator do a act criminal competence in matter This that is give information related whether perpetrator understand , or can explain the incident that he experience or the events that happened next evaluate his competence For be responsible answer act the crime Don't until Possible He own history disturbance possible mental illness hallucinations , delusions , so that when in the process He currently is at in disturbance his mental state means mentally he No capable be responsible answer act the crime , because He do murder in a way No aware Can So he see the person he kill That like animal He No see That as human . See from risk its danger whether He will do it Again or of course He No intend do a murder and the last one that Work The same between psychologists and officers enforcer law very much important to be able to help enforcer law in make more decisions Good based on information provided by experts psychology .
Factors that influence motivation perpetrator act criminal murder is internal factors include condition psychological perpetrators , such as disturbance emotional and nature temperamental personality . And factors external covering environment , social interactions and conditions economy . To prisoners who have been sentenced prison , it is hoped that it will be made This as learning and can control self , also be grateful what has been given by God, because God does not will test his servant beyond his /her ability . How psychologists understand the perpetrator's motives act criminal murder . Psychologist do inspection psychology For build profile the perpetrator , considering factor like mental condition , history life , motivation , and environment social . Work The same between psychologist and law enforcer law important For handle case law with aspect psychological , helping evaluation to mental condition of all parties involved . To psychologist forensics to be more pay attention to and develop rehabilitation programs about perpetrator act criminal murder . And also to The government should provide more facilities quality Again such as free education for press number crime .